Report 2 Flashcards
Describes the variety of species
in an ecosystem and the
essential interdependence of all
life forms
biodiversity
The number of species in an area
species richness
Species richness tends to be higher
near the equator
tropical rainforests have the highest
biodiversity
three types of biodiversity
- diversity of species
- diversity of ecosystem
- diversity of genes
Defined as the number of different species
present in a place and relative abundance of
each of those species
diversity of species
Defined as the variety of different habitats,
communities and ecological processes
diversity of ecosystem
Describes the total number of different alleles
found within a species
diversity of genes
importance of biodiversity
- biodiversity protects against climate
- biodiversity ensures food security
- biodiversity fights disease
- biodiversity supports communities
Ecosystems rely on all parts from the smallest
bacteria to the largest vertebrate. Everything is
interconnected. Some produce oxygen that others
breathe. Some provide food for bigger species
which in turn become prey for bigger species.
Every living organism has a role to play in
maintaining the balance. When you remove one
element you change the balance and can ultimately
lose far more than that one species.
Ecosystems rely on all parts from the smallest
bacteria to the largest vertebrate. Everything is
interconnected. Some produce oxygen that others
breathe. Some provide food for bigger species
which in turn become prey for bigger species.
Every living organism has a role to play in
maintaining the balance. When you remove one
element you change the balance and can ultimately
lose far more than that one species.
the complete
disappearance of a species from
Earth
extinction
The natural process of organisms
dying off and naturally occurs at
a slow rate (usually after a
catastrophic event)
extinction
happens if an
environmental change occurs
faster than animals and plants
can adapt to it
extinction
a short period of
geological time in which a high
percentage of biodiversity, or distinct
species—bacteria, fungi, plants,
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
fish, invertebrates—dies out
mass extinction
5 mass extinction in history
ORDOVICIAN -
SILURIAN PERIOD
(443 MYA) 85%
DEVONIAN PERIOD
(374 MYA) 70%
PERMIAN -
TRIASSIC PERIOD
(250 MYA) 95%
TRIASSIC - JURASSIC PERIOD
(200 MYA) 76%
CRETACEOUS -
PALEOGENE
PERIOD
(66 MYA)
80%
FACTORS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE
TO MASS EXTINCTION
01 Changes in sea levels
02 Continental movement
03 Geologic events like volcanic eruption
04 Global warming and cooling
05 Meteor impact
Refers to the rate at which species are disappearing or
becoming extinct from the Earth.
extinction rate
It is typically
measured as the number of species that go extinct over
a specific period of time
extinctions per million species per year (E/MSY)
SPECIES AT RISK
CLASSIFICATIONS:
-extirpated
- endangered
- threatened
The species is extinct from an ecosystem,
but exist elsewhere.
extirpated
Species is facing extinction/extirpation
endangered
Species is at risk of being endangered if factors
are not changed
threatened
Over 98% of the species that have ever
existed are extinct
begum 2021
Today, 93 (36%) endemic species are
threatened with extinction in the Philippine
Archipelago
birdlife international 2021
Some___ of
the genetic
diversity of
crop plants
been lost in
the past
century
75%
Some scientists
estimate that as
many as 3 species
per hour are
going to extinct
and _______
extinctions occur
each year.
20,000
Roughly __________ of the
world’s coral
reef systems
have been
destroyed or
highly
degraded
1/3
About ____ of
mammals and
____ of bird
species are
currently
considered to be
globally
threatened
24%
12%
More than ____ of
the world’s
wetlands have been
drained, and
populations of
inland water and
wetland species
have declined by
50% between 1970
and 1999
50%
NINE OF THE BEST-KNOWN ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
- philippine eagle
- tamaraw
- philippine crocodile
- walden’s hornbill
- net coral
- visayan warty pig
- tarsier
- philippine forest turtle
- negros bleeding heart
“PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEA,
DESCENDING FROM GLORY:
THE DECLINING PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY”
biance ferrer 2023
_______ plant and animal species can be found in the archipelago; ______ key biodiversity areas (KBAs)
53,000; 228
The philippines has lost ______ of its original forest cover sinces 1900s; ______ hectares of forest cover are lost annually due to logging, slash-and-burn cultivation
93%; 47,000
The severity of biodiversity loss is
further emphasized by the alarming
number of threatened species: The
Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) has
identified
700 threatened plant and animal species
984 plant species “critically endangered, endangered, and threatened” in 2013
natural causes of extinction
Natural disasters
Competition
Disease
Climate change
ANTHROPOGENIC
CAUSES:
Pollution
Overexploitation
Habitat Destruction and
Fragmentation
Invasive Species
Habitat Degradation
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Overharvesting of
Resources
Agricultural Practices
CONSERVATION TO
MITIGATE EXTINCTION
- Legislation and regulation
- Education and awareness
- Monitoring and research
- Breeding and reintroduction programs
- Legally binding agreements
