REPLICATION OF DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Question 1

In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in only one direction and begins at only one point

Answer 1

replication

Question 2

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in both directions and at more than one point and occurs in the nucleus

Answer 2

replication

Question 3

A duplicating mechanism involves disengaging the DNA strand (polynucleotide) by loosening the weak hydrogen bonds

Answer 3

replication

Question 4

Serves to loosen the twin screw, separating the two straps , separating each other and converting DNA into a single strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds

Answer 4

helicase

Question 5

DNA is replicated in opposite directions. That is, the backing thorns move in opposite directions ‘Bidirectional replication’ .

Answer 5

mechanism of DNA replication

Question 6

Semi-continuous DNA replication, one strand is copied continuously, while the other lagging strand is copied in the form of pieces called Okazaki fragments.

Answer 6

mechanism of DNA replication

Question 7

Polymerization only occurs in the direction of 5 to 3

Answer 7

mechanism of DNA replication

Question 8

DNA Topoisomerases , DNA polymerase , Helicase , Primase , DNA ligase .

Answer 8

the enzymes that work on replication of DNA

Question 9

Connects the Okazaki fragments

Answer 9

DNA ligase

Question 10

RNA is made to initiate, because the polymerase enzyme does not work in the direction of 3 - 5, so this tape is constructed in the form of small pieces in the direction of 5 - 3 by the enzyme polymerase and then these small pieces are linked together by the binding enzyme - Ligase DNA

Answer 10

Primase

Question 11

It extends the length of the thread but cannot start forming a new thread, and it only works in one direction 5 to 3.

Answer 11

DNA polymerase

Question 12

The most important enzyme in this process (loading of nitrogenous bases) is the enzyme for DNA polymerase (DNA). The role of this enzyme is to clone a complementary or complementary strand of parental DNA. The first one acts as a template, thereby creating two daughter strands.

Answer 12

DNA polymerase

Question 13

It works to convert DNA into a single strand by breaking down the hydrogen bonds.

Answer 13

Helicase

Question 14

Decodes supercoiling in DNA.

Answer 14

DNA Topoisomerases

Question 15

Most of the protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, but the protein’s genetic code is in the nucleus
Its size does not allow it to leave the nucleus, so a small copy of it is taken in m-RNA because the DNA
Which can leave the nucleus through the openings of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Answer 15

Transcription

Question 16

The transcription is made from one strand of DNA and this strand is called

Answer 16

anti-coding strand

Question 17

A thread from which it is not copied is called

Answer 17

non coding strand)

Question 18

Transcription is done by a special enzyme called

Answer 18

RNA polymerase

Question 19

Promotor region , transcribed region , termination region

Answer 19

contents of Transcription Unit

Question 20

Transcription Unit , Four ribonucleotide triphosphate , RNA polymerase .

Answer 20

the three requirements to transcript the RNA

Question 21

ATP, GTP,CTP,UTP

Answer 21

Four ribonucleotide triphosphate

Question 22

Initiation , elongation , termination

Answer 22

the three stages of the transcription

Question 23

Linking RNA Polymerase to the Promoter region, to decode the DNA loop and made the primer, and the first nucleotide at the priming site is always purine

Answer 23

initiation

Question 24

Polymerase catalyses the lengthening process of the RNA chain to elongate 5 to 3

Answer 24

elongation

Question 25

Once RNA Polymerase identifies a specific nucleotide chain that indicates the end of the synthesis and completion of the transcription process.

Answer 25

termination

Question 26

replication —- transcription —- translation —- protein

Answer 26

protein synthesis

Question 27

they are large molecules made of amino acids , It is usually made up of 20 or more amino acids

Answer 27

protein

Question 28

Genetically, it means converting the language of nucleotides into an amino acid language , The final stage of transfer of protein synthesis information takes place on Ribosomes and requires tRNA and mRNA , Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and associated with the xylem endoplasmic reticulum , It consists of two units, large and small, and each unit consists of rRNA and enzymes joined by the large unit, and the ribosomes start to read the code on m-RNA , The AUG start codon has the m-RNA start codon , There is a specific tRNA for each amino acid, which is estimated at 20 amino acids , so all proteins start with it at the very beginning, and after the protein chain synthesis process is finished, it may remain or be removed

Answer 28

translation

Question 29

They occur on Ribosomes, and rRNA is composed of enzymes , Requires tRNA to carry homocysteine and have an anticodon , mRNA is known as a messenger and bears a genetic code ,

Answer 29

translation

Question 30

Except for the mRNA stopping codes, a special code on tRNA has to be each

Answer 30

translation

Question 31

Translation occurs continuously as the codes are read on the messenger RNA and in the same breath

Answer 31

translation

Question 32

Time the amino acids are linked to form a chain starting, for example a small unit

Answer 32

translation

Question 33

Carrying the ACC, the ribosome of the transporter is activated by the anti-UGG ribosome-reading code , with the amino acid Tryptophan

Answer 33

translation

Question 34

The large ribosome unit contains an enzyme (aminoacyl tRNA synthetase) that binds the amino acids together by peptide bonds , Any RNA ends up with an end or stop blade.

Answer 34

translation

Question 35

Then the formation of proteins stops, and the formed peptide chain separates as well as the two units of ribosome separate

Answer 35

translation

Question 36

To start the translation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the AUG start codon

Answer 36

initiation

Question 37

The rRNA is bound by pairing the anticodon with the codon

Then the ribosome moves from one blade to another along the mRNA, and the amino acids are added one by one

Answer 37

elongation

Question 38

Translation stops when the three endpoints are present on the mRNA

Answer 38

termination

Question 39

UAA,UAG, UGA

Answer 39

Terminal codon