CELLULAR RESPIRATION / CELLULAR METABOLISM

Question 1

when energy is released to do work

Answer 1

cellular metabolism

Question 2

the movement of organelles M

Answer 2

its kind of mechanical work in the cellular metabolism

Question 3

reaction that absorb energy M

Answer 3

endergonic / endothermic reaction

Question 4

pushing the endergonic reaction to complete M

Answer 4

its kind of chemical work in the cellular metabolism

Question 5

reaction that release energy M

Answer 5

exergonic / exothermic reaction

Question 6

pumping molecules across membrane M

Answer 6

its kind of transport work in the cellular metabolism

Question 7

most intermediate source of energy for cellular work

Answer 7

adenosine triphosphate

Question 8

adenosine triphosphate can be broken by

Answer 8

hydrolysis “ breaking with water “

Question 9

hydrolysis of ATP reaction

Answer 9

ATP + H2O — ADP + Pi ( inorganic phosphate ) + ENERGY

Question 10

all cells obtain their chemical energy

requirements from

Answer 10

oxidative - reduction reactions

Question 11

AROBIC METABOLISM is usually called

Answer 11

cellular respiration

Question 12

the loss of the electrons

Answer 12

oxidation reaction

Question 13

occur in the cytoplasm , does not require oxygen , yield small amount of ATP

Answer 13

anaerobic respiration

Question 14

food passing through the intestinal tract is

digested into small molecules , that can be absorbed into the circulation

Answer 14

stage one , cellular respiration

Question 15

begins in the cytoplasm , ends in the mitochondria , require oxygen , its very efficient , yield high amount of ATP

Answer 15

aerobic respiration

Question 16

most of the glucose is converted into two 3-carbon units (pyruvic acid) in the cell cytoplasm ,
The pyruvic acid molecules then enter mitochondria ,
where in another reaction they join with a coenzyme
to form acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA .

Answer 16

stage two , cellular respiration

Question 17

the gain of electrons

Answer 17

reduction reaction

Question 18

with a large yield of ATP. This stage occurs entirely in mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA is channeled into the Krebs cycle, where the acetyl group is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. Electrons released from acetyl groups are transferred to special carriers that pass them to electron acceptor compounds in the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons (and the protons accompanying them) are accepted by molecular oxygen to form water.

Answer 18

stage three of cellular respiration

Question 19

A net total of 36 molecules of ATP may be generated from one molecule of glucose .

Answer 19

aerobic metabolism / cellular respiration

Question 20

the energy will be released as heat “ 686 kcal / mol “

Answer 20

if the glucose is burned at room temperature

Question 21

do electrons move directly from reactant to another

Answer 21

electrons do not move directly from on reactant to another , they move via electrons carriers located in the inner membrane , during electrons transport chain .

Question 22

essential in metabolism , it have to be controlled

Answer 22

enzymes

Question 23

nonprotein inorganic helpers

Answer 23

cofactors

Question 24

require helpers such as cofactors and coenzymes

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

organic helpers most are vitamins

Answer 25

coenzymes

Question 26

acts as hydrogen acceptor , derived from vitamin B3 (niacin)

Answer 26

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 27

are small molecules compared to the protein

Answer 27

coenzymes

Question 28

remove electrons from their substances and reduce | " NAD+ " into " NAD + H+ "

Answer 28

dehydrogenases

Question 29

they make up a part of the active site

Answer 29

coenzymes

Question 30

cells can burn glucose at low temperature at one condition

Answer 30

water

Question 31

pyruvate is further oxidized in most eukaryotic cell to CO2 and H2O .

Answer 31

step two of " glycolysis at low temperature "

Question 32

steps of glycolysis at low temperature

Answer 32

glucose ---- pyruvic acid ---- in most eukaryotic cell to CO2 and H2O ---- ETC .

Question 33

acts as hydrogen acceptor , is derived from vitamin B2 ( riboflavin )

Answer 33

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 34

acetyl- group carrier , derived from vitamin B5 | pantothenic acid

Answer 34

Coenzyme A

Question 35

remove electrons from their substrates and reduce FAD to FADH2 .

Answer 35

dehydrogenases

Question 36

glycolysis summary

Answer 36

glucose ---- pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) ---- two NADH ---- two ATP .

Question 37

indirect form of energy

Answer 37

NADH

Question 38

every molecule is oxidized in the mitochondria via ETC to give three ATP

Answer 38

NADH

Question 39

when the oxygen is sufficient , which form glycolysis occur

Answer 39

aerobic glycolysis

Question 40

metabolism of acetyl-coa in mitochondria

Answer 40

its the citric acid cycle

Question 41

Is the breaking down and oxidizing of macromolecules (Hydrolysis), releasing energy, that was stored in the molecule.

Answer 41

Catabolism , its kind of reactions that occur in the metabolism processor

Question 42

the synthesis of macromolecules (condensation), such as proteins and nucleic acid, requiring energy released through catabolism

Answer 42

Anabolism , its kind of reactions that occur in the metabolism processor

Question 43

Cells do not create or generate energy ; they transform energy from one form to another

Answer 43

the nature of the cell with the energy

Question 44

the energy resulting from position of structure, e.g. chemical energy stored in the covalent bonds of molecules.

Answer 44

kind of energy , potential energy

Question 45

the energy of motion e.g. Heat (Thermal energy)

Answer 45

kind of energy , kinetic energy

Question 46

Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis that takes place in the cytosol, yields a small amount of ATP, does not require Oxygen

Answer 46

step one of cellular respiration

Question 47

Oxidative respiration , takes place in the mitochondria. | Far more effective than glycolysis at recovering the energy from food.

Answer 47

step two of cellular respiration

Question 48

The aim is to split 6-carbon monosaccharides into 3-carbon fragments, pyruvic acid

Answer 48

step one of glycolysis

Question 49

dephosphorylation. In the next two steps, phosphate groups are taken from the glycolysis intermediates and transferred to ADP, phosphorylating it to ATP. This converts the C3 compound to pyruvic acid.

Answer 49

step six and seven of glycolysis

Question 50

oxidation. Each PGAL molecule is then oxidized by removing a pair of hydrogen atoms. The electrons and one proton are picked up by NAD+ and the other proton is released into the cytosol, yielding NADH+H+. At this step, a phosphate (Pi) group is also added to each of the C3 fragments. Unlike the earlier steps, this Pi is not supplied by ATP but comes from the cell’s pool of free phosphate ions.

Answer 50

step fife of glycolysis

Question 51

cleavage. The “lysis” part of glycolysis occurs when fructose 1,6-diphosphate splits into two three-carbon (C3) molecules. this generates two molecules PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).

Answer 51

step four of glycolysis

Question 52

priming. G6P is rearranged (isomerized) to form fructose 6-phosphate, which is phosphorylated again to form fructose 1,6-diphosphate. This “primes” the process by providing activation energy, somewhat like the heat of a match used to light a fireplace. Two molecules of ATP have already been consumed, but just as a fire gives back more heat than it takes to start it, aerobic respiration eventually gives back far more ATP than it takes to prime glycolysis.

Answer 52

step two and three of glycolysis

Question 53

phosphorylation. The enzyme hexokinase transfers an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) from ATP to glucose, producing glucose 6-phosphate (G6P).

Answer 53

step one of glycolysis

Question 54

Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated—CO2 is removed and pyruvic acid, a C3 compound, becomes a C2 compound.

Answer 54

step one of acetyl Co A formation

Question 55

NAD removes hydrogen atoms from the C2 compound (an oxidation reaction) and converts it to an acetyl group (acetic acid).

Answer 55

step two of acetyl Co A formation

Question 56

The acetyl group binds to coenzyme A. The result is acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is ready to enter the citric acid cycle.

Answer 56

step three of acetyl Co A formation