CELLULAR RESPIRATION / CELLULAR METABOLISM Flashcards
when energy is released to do work
cellular metabolism
the movement of organelles M
its kind of mechanical work in the cellular metabolism
reaction that absorb energy M
endergonic / endothermic reaction
pushing the endergonic reaction to complete M
its kind of chemical work in the cellular metabolism
reaction that release energy M
exergonic / exothermic reaction
pumping molecules across membrane M
its kind of transport work in the cellular metabolism
most intermediate source of energy for cellular work
adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate can be broken by
hydrolysis “ breaking with water “
hydrolysis of ATP reaction
ATP + H2O — ADP + Pi ( inorganic phosphate ) + ENERGY
all cells obtain their chemical energy
requirements from
oxidative - reduction reactions
AROBIC METABOLISM is usually called
cellular respiration
the loss of the electrons
oxidation reaction
occur in the cytoplasm , does not require oxygen , yield small amount of ATP
anaerobic respiration
food passing through the intestinal tract is
digested into small molecules , that can be absorbed into the circulation
stage one , cellular respiration
begins in the cytoplasm , ends in the mitochondria , require oxygen , its very efficient , yield high amount of ATP
aerobic respiration
most of the glucose is converted into two 3-carbon units (pyruvic acid) in the cell cytoplasm ,
The pyruvic acid molecules then enter mitochondria ,
where in another reaction they join with a coenzyme
to form acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA .
stage two , cellular respiration
the gain of electrons
reduction reaction
with a large yield of ATP. This stage occurs entirely in mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA is channeled into the Krebs cycle, where the acetyl group is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. Electrons released from acetyl groups are transferred to special carriers that pass them to electron acceptor compounds in the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons (and the protons accompanying them) are accepted by molecular oxygen to form water.
stage three of cellular respiration
A net total of 36 molecules of ATP may be generated from one molecule of glucose .
aerobic metabolism / cellular respiration
the energy will be released as heat “ 686 kcal / mol “
if the glucose is burned at room temperature
do electrons move directly from reactant to another
electrons do not move directly from on reactant to another , they move via electrons carriers located in the inner membrane , during electrons transport chain .
essential in metabolism , it have to be controlled
enzymes
nonprotein inorganic helpers
cofactors
require helpers such as cofactors and coenzymes
enzymes
organic helpers most are vitamins
coenzymes
acts as hydrogen acceptor , derived from vitamin B3 (niacin)
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
are small molecules compared to the protein
coenzymes
remove electrons from their substances and reduce
“ NAD+ “ into “ NAD + H+ “
dehydrogenases
they make up a part of the active site
coenzymes
cells can burn glucose at low temperature at one condition
water
pyruvate is further oxidized in most eukaryotic cell to CO2 and H2O .
step two of “ glycolysis at low temperature “
steps of glycolysis at low temperature
glucose —- pyruvic acid —- in most eukaryotic cell to CO2 and H2O —- ETC .
acts as hydrogen acceptor , is derived from vitamin B2 ( riboflavin )
flavin adenine dinucleotide
acetyl- group carrier , derived from vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
Coenzyme A
remove electrons from their substrates and reduce FAD to FADH2 .
dehydrogenases
glycolysis summary
glucose —- pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) —- two NADH —- two ATP .
indirect form of energy
NADH
every molecule is oxidized in the mitochondria via ETC to give three ATP
NADH
when the oxygen is sufficient , which form glycolysis occur
aerobic glycolysis
metabolism of acetyl-coa in mitochondria
its the citric acid cycle
Is the breaking down and oxidizing of macromolecules (Hydrolysis), releasing energy, that was stored in the molecule.
Catabolism , its kind of reactions that occur in the metabolism processor
the synthesis of macromolecules (condensation), such as proteins and nucleic acid, requiring energy released through catabolism
Anabolism , its kind of reactions that occur in the metabolism processor
Cells do not create or generate energy ; they transform energy from one form to another
the nature of the cell with the energy
the energy resulting from position of structure, e.g. chemical energy stored in the covalent bonds of molecules.
kind of energy , potential energy
the energy of motion e.g. Heat (Thermal energy)
kind of energy , kinetic energy
Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis that takes place in the cytosol, yields a small amount of ATP, does not require Oxygen
step one of cellular respiration
Oxidative respiration , takes place in the mitochondria.
Far more effective than glycolysis at recovering the energy from food.
step two of cellular respiration
The aim is to split 6-carbon monosaccharides into 3-carbon fragments, pyruvic acid
step one of glycolysis
dephosphorylation. In the next two steps, phosphate groups are taken from the glycolysis intermediates and transferred to ADP, phosphorylating it to ATP. This converts the C3 compound to pyruvic acid.
step six and seven of glycolysis
oxidation. Each PGAL molecule is then oxidized by removing a pair of hydrogen atoms. The electrons and one proton are picked up by NAD+ and the other proton is released into the cytosol, yielding NADH+H+. At this step, a phosphate (Pi) group is also added to each of the C3 fragments. Unlike the earlier steps, this Pi is not supplied by ATP but comes from the cell’s pool of free phosphate ions.
step fife of glycolysis
cleavage. The “lysis” part of glycolysis occurs when fructose 1,6-diphosphate splits into two three-carbon (C3) molecules. this generates two molecules PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).
step four of glycolysis
priming. G6P is rearranged (isomerized) to form fructose 6-phosphate, which is phosphorylated again to form fructose 1,6-diphosphate. This “primes” the process by providing activation energy, somewhat like the heat of a match used to light a fireplace. Two molecules of ATP have already been consumed, but just as a fire gives back more heat than it takes to start it, aerobic respiration eventually gives back far more ATP than it takes to prime glycolysis.
step two and three of glycolysis
phosphorylation. The enzyme hexokinase transfers an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) from ATP to glucose, producing glucose 6-phosphate (G6P).
step one of glycolysis
Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated—CO2 is removed and pyruvic acid, a C3 compound, becomes a C2 compound.
step one of acetyl Co A formation
NAD removes hydrogen atoms from the C2 compound (an oxidation reaction) and converts it to an acetyl group (acetic acid).
step two of acetyl Co A formation
The acetyl group binds to coenzyme A. The result is acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is ready to enter the citric acid cycle.
step three of acetyl Co A formation
