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PYB > CELLULAR RESPIRATION / CELLULAR METABOLISM > Flashcards

CELLULAR RESPIRATION / CELLULAR METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

when energy is released to do work

A

cellular metabolism

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2
Q

the movement of organelles M

A

its kind of mechanical work in the cellular metabolism

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3
Q

reaction that absorb energy M

A

endergonic / endothermic reaction

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4
Q

pushing the endergonic reaction to complete M

A

its kind of chemical work in the cellular metabolism

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5
Q

reaction that release energy M

A

exergonic / exothermic reaction

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6
Q

pumping molecules across membrane M

A

its kind of transport work in the cellular metabolism

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7
Q

most intermediate source of energy for cellular work

A

adenosine triphosphate

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8
Q

adenosine triphosphate can be broken by

A

hydrolysis “ breaking with water “

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9
Q

hydrolysis of ATP reaction

A

ATP + H2O — ADP + Pi ( inorganic phosphate ) + ENERGY

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10
Q

all cells obtain their chemical energy

requirements from

A

oxidative - reduction reactions

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11
Q

AROBIC METABOLISM is usually called

A

cellular respiration

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12
Q

the loss of the electrons

A

oxidation reaction

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13
Q

occur in the cytoplasm , does not require oxygen , yield small amount of ATP

A

anaerobic respiration

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14
Q

food passing through the intestinal tract is

digested into small molecules , that can be absorbed into the circulation

A

stage one , cellular respiration

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15
Q

begins in the cytoplasm , ends in the mitochondria , require oxygen , its very efficient , yield high amount of ATP

A

aerobic respiration

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16
Q

most of the glucose is converted into two 3-carbon units (pyruvic acid) in the cell cytoplasm ,
The pyruvic acid molecules then enter mitochondria ,
where in another reaction they join with a coenzyme
to form acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA .

A

stage two , cellular respiration

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17
Q

the gain of electrons

A

reduction reaction

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18
Q

with a large yield of ATP. This stage occurs entirely in mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA is channeled into the Krebs cycle, where the acetyl group is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. Electrons released from acetyl groups are transferred to special carriers that pass them to electron acceptor compounds in the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons (and the protons accompanying them) are accepted by molecular oxygen to form water.

A

stage three of cellular respiration

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19
Q

A net total of 36 molecules of ATP may be generated from one molecule of glucose .

A

aerobic metabolism / cellular respiration

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20
Q

the energy will be released as heat “ 686 kcal / mol “

A

if the glucose is burned at room temperature

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21
Q

do electrons move directly from reactant to another

A

electrons do not move directly from on reactant to another , they move via electrons carriers located in the inner membrane , during electrons transport chain .

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22
Q

essential in metabolism , it have to be controlled

A

enzymes

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23
Q

nonprotein inorganic helpers

A

cofactors

24
Q

require helpers such as cofactors and coenzymes

A

enzymes

25
Q

organic helpers most are vitamins

A

coenzymes

26
Q

acts as hydrogen acceptor , derived from vitamin B3 (niacin)

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

27
Q

are small molecules compared to the protein

A

coenzymes

28
Q

remove electrons from their substances and reduce

“ NAD+ “ into “ NAD + H+ “

A

dehydrogenases

29
Q

they make up a part of the active site

A

coenzymes

30
Q

cells can burn glucose at low temperature at one condition

A

water

31
Q

pyruvate is further oxidized in most eukaryotic cell to CO2 and H2O .

A

step two of “ glycolysis at low temperature “

32
Q

steps of glycolysis at low temperature

A

glucose —- pyruvic acid —- in most eukaryotic cell to CO2 and H2O —- ETC .

33
Q

acts as hydrogen acceptor , is derived from vitamin B2 ( riboflavin )

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

34
Q

acetyl- group carrier , derived from vitamin B5

pantothenic acid

A

Coenzyme A

35
Q

remove electrons from their substrates and reduce FAD to FADH2 .

A

dehydrogenases

36
Q

glycolysis summary

A

glucose —- pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) —- two NADH —- two ATP .

37
Q

indirect form of energy

A

NADH

38
Q

every molecule is oxidized in the mitochondria via ETC to give three ATP

A

NADH

39
Q

when the oxygen is sufficient , which form glycolysis occur

A

aerobic glycolysis

40
Q

metabolism of acetyl-coa in mitochondria

A

its the citric acid cycle

41
Q

Is the breaking down and oxidizing of macromolecules (Hydrolysis), releasing energy, that was stored in the molecule.

A

Catabolism , its kind of reactions that occur in the metabolism processor

42
Q

the synthesis of macromolecules (condensation), such as proteins and nucleic acid, requiring energy released through catabolism

A

Anabolism , its kind of reactions that occur in the metabolism processor

43
Q

Cells do not create or generate energy ; they transform energy from one form to another

A

the nature of the cell with the energy

44
Q

the energy resulting from position of structure, e.g. chemical energy stored in the covalent bonds of molecules.

A

kind of energy , potential energy

45
Q

the energy of motion e.g. Heat (Thermal energy)

A

kind of energy , kinetic energy

46
Q

Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis that takes place in the cytosol, yields a small amount of ATP, does not require Oxygen

A

step one of cellular respiration

47
Q

Oxidative respiration , takes place in the mitochondria.

Far more effective than glycolysis at recovering the energy from food.

A

step two of cellular respiration

48
Q

The aim is to split 6-carbon monosaccharides into 3-carbon fragments, pyruvic acid

A

step one of glycolysis

49
Q

dephosphorylation. In the next two steps, phosphate groups are taken from the glycolysis intermediates and transferred to ADP, phosphorylating it to ATP. This converts the C3 compound to pyruvic acid.

A

step six and seven of glycolysis

50
Q

oxidation. Each PGAL molecule is then oxidized by removing a pair of hydrogen atoms. The electrons and one proton are picked up by NAD+ and the other proton is released into the cytosol, yielding NADH+H+. At this step, a phosphate (Pi) group is also added to each of the C3 fragments. Unlike the earlier steps, this Pi is not supplied by ATP but comes from the cell’s pool of free phosphate ions.

A

step fife of glycolysis

51
Q

cleavage. The “lysis” part of glycolysis occurs when fructose 1,6-diphosphate splits into two three-carbon (C3) molecules. this generates two molecules PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).

A

step four of glycolysis

52
Q

priming. G6P is rearranged (isomerized) to form fructose 6-phosphate, which is phosphorylated again to form fructose 1,6-diphosphate. This “primes” the process by providing activation energy, somewhat like the heat of a match used to light a fireplace. Two molecules of ATP have already been consumed, but just as a fire gives back more heat than it takes to start it, aerobic respiration eventually gives back far more ATP than it takes to prime glycolysis.

A

step two and three of glycolysis

53
Q

phosphorylation. The enzyme hexokinase transfers an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) from ATP to glucose, producing glucose 6-phosphate (G6P).

A

step one of glycolysis

54
Q

Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated—CO2 is removed and pyruvic acid, a C3 compound, becomes a C2 compound.

A

step one of acetyl Co A formation

55
Q

NAD removes hydrogen atoms from the C2 compound (an oxidation reaction) and converts it to an acetyl group (acetic acid).

A

step two of acetyl Co A formation

56
Q

The acetyl group binds to coenzyme A. The result is acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is ready to enter the citric acid cycle.

A

step three of acetyl Co A formation

PYB (13 decks)

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