repetere

Question 1

Juxtaglomerual apparatus (JGA)

Answer 1

cell-group located in the angular area of the glomerulus and the tubules in the nephron that produces renin

Question 2

Renin

Answer 2

peptide hormone released by the juxtaglomerual apparatus

Question 3

Polyuria

Answer 3

the excretion of an abnormally large quanitity of urine

Question 4

Lipoprotein lipase

Answer 4

enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins

Question 5

glycolysis

Answer 5

break-down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl group

Question 6

diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

disease due to the lack of ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone

Question 7

cori-cycle

Answer 7

a procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muscles under anaerobic conditions is remetabolised to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-worn of its 1/3 amount

Question 8

Lagerhans islets

Answer 8

hormone producing cell-groups of the pancreas

Question 9

incretins

Answer 9

intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion

Question 10

citric-acid cycle

Answer 10

final break-down of the two-carbonic compund acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism

Question 11

NAD (and NADH)

Answer 11

co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

pentose-phosphate cycle

Answer 12

an alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atoms sugars are formed

Question 13

gametogenesis

Answer 13

production of reproductive cells in the reproductive organs

Question 14

diabetes insipidus

Answer 14

a condition caused by the lack or decreased production of the antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

addisons disease

Answer 15

caused by the insufficiency of the adrenal cortex most frequently due to an autoimmune process

Question 16

glucocorticoids

Answer 16

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulating sugar- and protein metabolism

Question 17

adrenarche

Answer 17

during adrenarche the adrenal cortex secretes increased levels of androgen such as DHEA and DHEAS, but without increased cortisol levels

Question 18

perilymph

Answer 18

fluid in the perilymphatic space of the inner ear, produced by filtration

Question 19

hair cell

Answer 19

secondary sensory cell in the inner ear

Question 20

tip link

Answer 20

protein structure connecting the tips of the stereocilia

Question 21

endolymph

Answer 21

fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, produced by secretion

Question 22

vomeronasal organ

Answer 22

auxiliary olfactory organ in many animals opening into the nasal or buccal cavity and detecting mainly pheromones

Question 23

umami

Answer 23

the fifth basic taste evoked by peptides, amino acids and most importantly glutamate in the food

Question 24

chinese restaurant syndrome

Answer 24

temporary, unconvinient symptoms caused by overdosing the taste enhancing

Question 25

epitop

Answer 25

characteristic part of the odor molecule that can be detected by a specific 7TM receptor on the apical surface of the olfactory sensory neuron

Question 26

parietal cells

Answer 26

HCI producing cells in the stomach

Question 27

intrinsic factor

Answer 27

protein secreted in the stomach, needed for the absorption of the B12 vitamin

Question 28

dark current

Answer 28

continous inflow of Na+ and Ca++ into rods and cones in dark through cGMP-regulated channels

Question 29

fovea centralis

Answer 29

a depression in the center of the macula of the retina, where only cones are present

Question 30

photopic vision

Answer 30

chromatic vision produced through the cones under well-lit conditions

Question 31

cornea

Answer 31

frontal, transparent part of the sclera with the highest refracting power

Question 32

cataract

Answer 32

eye disease caused by an opacity of the lens

Question 33

blind spot (optic disc)

Answer 33

the spot of the retina, where the axons of the ganglion cells and blood vessels penetrate the wall of the eyeball

Question 34

transducin

Answer 34

G-protein in rods and cones

Question 35

horizontal cell

Answer 35

inhibitory interneuron in the retina connecting receptor cells

Question 36

Homunculus

Answer 36

drawing indicating the representation of different body parts on the somatosensory cortex proportionally to the number of receptors, thus causing distortion of the image

Question 37

receptive field

Answer 37

part of the environment or body from which the activity of the examined element of the sensory system can be changed

Question 38

proprioceptor

Answer 38

receptor detecting the position of the body and the state of the muscles, tendons and joints

Question 39

topography

Answer 39

the spatial arrangement of sensory cells is mapped throughout the sensory system

Question 40

iris

Answer 40

circular, pigmented membrane behind the cornea

Question 41

amacrin cell

Answer 41

interneuron in the retina establishing horizontal connections mostly close to the ganglion cells

Question 42

choroid

Answer 42

the middle, vascularized layer of the eyeball

Question 43

melanopsin

Answer 43

photopigment contained by the W ganglion cells

Question 44

rachitis (rickets)

Answer 44

malformation of bones caused by the lack of vitamin-D that leads to a decreased absorption of calcium from the gut during development

Question 45

calcification

Answer 45

osteoid tissue becomes bone tissue by the precipitation of calcium salts