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Chemistry > Renal / Urinalysis > Flashcards

Renal / Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

Filter waste and excess water/ solute from the blood.

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2
Q

What are the key processes involved in urine formation?

A
  1. Filter
  2. Reabsorb
  3. secrete
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3
Q

What is the role of Renin?

A

Related to water balance

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4
Q

What does EPO stimulate?

A

Maturation/proliferation of RBC

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5
Q

What is 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 important for?

A

Bone metabolism, magnesium and phosphorus metabolism

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6
Q

What are the components analyzed in a macro urine examination?

A
  • Colour
  • Clarity
  • Odor
  • Volume
  • Specific Gravity
  • pH
  • Glucose
  • Ketones
  • Protein
  • Nitrite
  • Leukocyte Esterase
  • Bilirubin
  • Urobilinogen
  • Blood
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7
Q

What is the significance of RBC >2 in urine analysis?

A

Abnormal finding

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8
Q

What does WBC >5 indicate in urine analysis?

A

Abnormal finding

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9
Q

What are Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein casts formed with?

A

Stasis, decreased pH, increased protein concentration

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10
Q

What type of casts are clear and may occur from dehydration or fever?

A

Hyaline casts

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11
Q

What is Urea primarily a product of?

A

Protein metabolism

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12
Q

Increased ammonia indicates what about liver function?

A

Liver cannot convert ammonia to urea

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13
Q

What does a high urea level indicate?

A

Azotemia or uremia

Azotremia (increased Nitrogenous products) Uremia (renal failure)

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14
Q

What does the urea creatinine ratio help to determine?

A

Prerenal, renal, or post renal causes of elevated urea

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15
Q

What is the reference range for Uric Acid?

A

210-430 µmol/L

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16
Q

What does Creatinine clearance measure?

A

Amount of creatinine eliminated from the blood by the kidneys per unit of time

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17
Q

What is the reference range for Creatinine?

A

50-100 µmol/L (lower in females)

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18
Q

What is Ammonia produced from?

A

Deamination of amino acids

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19
Q

What are the key functions of the kidneys regarding water and electrolyte balance?

A
  • Reabsorb or excrete water based on situation (osmolality)
  • Filters/reabsorbs electrolytes
  • Conserves bicarbonate and removes acids
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20
Q

What is a characteristic of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

A

Hematuria and proteinuria <3g/day

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21
Q

What defines Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Massive proteinuria >3.5g/day

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22
Q

What is a common cause of urinary obstruction?

A

Renal calculi, especially calcium oxalate

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23
Q

What are the indications for dialysis?

A
  • Uremic symptoms
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Acidosis
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24
Q

What is the standard minimum amount of urine needed for analysis?

A

12 mL

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25
What should be avoided when collecting ammonia samples?
Hemolysis
26
What is the appearance of cholesterol crystals under microscopy?
Staircase or overlapping sheets
27
What does the presence of oval fat bodies indicate?
Hyperlipidemia
28
What is a common appearance of uric acid crystals in acidic urine?
Lemon or football shape
29
Why should urine be refigerated?
Prevents bacterial decomposition
30
What pH level indicates acidic urine?
pH <7.0
31
What are casts in urine analysis indicative of?
Indication of kidney failure/damage ## Footnote Casts can be red cell or white cell casts.
32
What are oval fat bodies?
Tubular cells that have fat in them ## Footnote They are associated with nephrotic syndrome.
33
What does the presence of mucous in urine look like?
Looks like highland cast
34
What is the significance of the presence of oil droplets in urine?
Contaminates ## Footnote Oil droplets are not a normal finding in urine.
35
True or False: Amorphous urates are clinically significant.
False ## Footnote Amorphous urates are not considered clinically significant.
36
what is the purpose of doing a urinalysis?
* aid in diagosis * Screen population for asymptomatic conditions * monitor disease * Monitor therapy
37
What is a random urine specimen?
Collected anytime
38
What is a first morning urine specimen?
Collected first thing after patient wakes up
39
What is a timed urine specimen?
Collected at specified time to evaluate diurinal variations
40
what is a 24 hr urine specimen, and what purpose does it serve?
Collection of urine over the course of 24 hr period. Measures amount of solute excreted in a 24 hr period.
41
What is the best urine specimen for routine urinalysis and C&S?
Clean Catch
42
What are common preservitative that can be used in urine samples?
* Boric acid * HCl * Chlorhexidine * Formalin
43
What are grounds for a urine specimen rejection for routine urinalysis?
* Leaking specimen * Greater than 2 hours old at Room Temp
44
During urine microscopy what are you observing for under low power?
* Crystals * Casts | Scan the borders, may see other elements only there in few fields
45
During urine microscopy what are you observing under High power?
* Cells (White/Red/Epi) * bacteria * crystals * parasites
46
what are the three kind of epithelial cells expected to see in urine microscopic?
* Renal tubular * Transitional * Squamous
47
What is this?
Bilirubin Crystals
48
What is this?
Oval Fat bodies
49
What is this?
Fatty Cast
50
What is this?
RBC Cast
51
What is this?
Tripple Phosphate
52
What is this?
Calcium Phosphate
53
What is this?
Amorphous Phosphate
54
What is this?
Ammonium biurate
55
What is this?
Calcium Carbonate
56
What is this?
Ascorbic Acid
57
What is this?
Caffeine Crystals
58
What is this?
Cholesterol Crystals
59
What is this?
X-Ray Dye crystals
60
What is this?
Tyrosine
61
What is this?
Leucine
62
What is this?
Cysteine
63
What is this?
Hippuric acid
64
What is this?
Amorphous urates
65
What is this?
Uric acid
66
What is this?
Calcium oxalate
67
What is this?
Calcium oxalate
68
Which crystals are commonly found in acidic urines?
* Uric acid * Calcium oxalate * Amorphous urates
69
Which crystals are commonly found in alkaline urines?
* Triple phosphate * calcium carbonate * ammonium biurate * amorphous phosphate * calcium phosphate

Chemistry (13 decks)

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