Protein Electrophoresis Flashcards
What are the two types of amino acids?
Essential and non-essential
What promotes the denaturation of proteins in the stomach?
HCl and pepsin
What stimulates the neutralization of HCl in the digestive process?
Secretin
Which hormones stimulate trypsin and chymotrypsin secretion?
Secretin and cholecystokinin
What are the two proteins not produced in the liver?
- Hemoglobin
- Immunoglobulins
What are the main purposes of proteins?
- Enzymes
- Hormones
- Transport proteins
- Immunoglobulins
- Structure
- Storage
- Energy
- Osmotic force
What is the consequence of decreased proteins in the body?
Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure leading to edema
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
What are the reference ranges for total protein and albumin?
- Total protein: 65-83 g/L
- Albumin: 35-55 g/L
What is the formula to calculate globulins?
Total proteins - Albumin
What causes hypoproteinemia?
- Excessive loss
- Decreased synthesis
- Increased catabolism
What are common causes of hyperproteinemia?
- Dehydration
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Diabetic acidosis
- Hypoaldosteronism
- Waldenstrom’s disease
- Multiple Myeloma
What is the preferred sample type for protein measurement?
Serum
What is the purpose of Bromocresol green or Bromocresol purple in measuring albumin?
To specifically measure albumin levels
What is the process of Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE)?
- Serum samples applied
- Alkaline buffer 8.6 near cathode
- Electric current applied
- Proteins travel to anode
What does a monoclonal gammopathy indicate?
Presence of a single clone of plasma cells
What is the role of haptoglobin?
Prevents loss of hemoglobin and iron
What is the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km)?
A constant specific for each enzyme and substrate in certain conditions
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors?
- Competitive inhibitors compete for the active site
- Non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere and inhibit product formation
What is the unit of measurement for enzyme activity?
International Unit (IU)
What is a common test for newborns to check for phenylketonuria?
PKU test
What is the impact of cirrhosis on protein levels?
Causes a decrease in liver proteins
What is the significance of oligoclonal bands in CSF?
Diagnostic of multiple sclerosis if present in CSF only
What happens to total protein levels with hemolysis?
Increase
