Endocrinology

Question 1

What is a hormone?

Answer 1

Chemical substance that sends a message to another cell in body.

Question 2

How are hormones sent in the body?

Answer 2

Sent via bloodstream (endocrine) or GI tract (exocrine).

Question 3

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms in endocrinology?

Answer 3

• Negative feedback
• Positive feedback

Question 4

What does Growth Hormone regulate?

Answer 4

Body growth, basal metabolic functions, acute phase stress reactant.

Question 5

What is the role of ACTH?

Answer 5

Regulates cortisol and androgen production.

Question 6

What is the function of TSH?

Answer 6

Regulates T4 production in the thyroid.

Question 7

What does FSH initiate?

Answer 7

Follicular maturation and estrogen production in women; spermatogenesis in men.

Question 8

What is the role of LH?

Answer 8

Initiation of ovulation in women and activates testicular testosterone production in men.

Question 9

What is the function of PRL?

Answer 9

Lactation.

Question 10

What does ADH regulate?

Answer 10

Osmolarity.

Question 11

What is the function of Calcitonin?

Answer 11

Inhibits osteoclastic breakdown.

Question 12

What does PTH do?

Answer 12

Increases calcium absorption and blocks phosphate reabsorption.

Question 13

What is the role of Insulin?

Answer 13

Regulates blood sugar levels.

Question 14

What does Glucagon do?

Answer 14

Increases blood sugar levels.

Question 15

What is the function of Cortisol?

Answer 15

Stress response, glucose homeostasis.

Question 16

What does Aldosterone increase?

Answer 16

Sodium reabsorption.

Question 17

What are the effects of Testosterone?

Answer 17

Male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility.

Question 18

What is DHEA?

Answer 18

Precursor for testosterone and estrogen.

Question 19

What does Progesterone regulate?

Answer 19

Endometrial and menstrual cycle.

Question 20

What are the effects of Estrogens?

Answer 20

• Bone
• Breast
• Vaginal mucosa
• Increase HDL, decrease LDL

Question 21

What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)?

Answer 21

Produced during pregnancy and can be a marker for malignancies.

Question 22

What are Catecholamines?

Answer 22

• Dopamine
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

Question 23

What is the primary role of Thyroxine?

Answer 23

Regulates metabolism and basal metabolic rate.

Question 24

What effects does Serotonin have?

Answer 24

Perception, mood, and intestinal blood vessel regulation.

Question 25

What are the two divisions of the Pituitary gland?

Answer 25

* Anterior * Posterior

Question 26

What can affect hormonal regulation?

Answer 26

Trauma to the head (whack on the melon).

Question 27

What is the effect of circadian rhythms on hormone levels?

Answer 27

Some hormones are affected by time of day, such as growth hormones being elevated at night.

Question 28

What is the relationship between cortisol levels and time of day?

Answer 28

AM cortisol levels should be higher than PM levels.

Question 29

What is Hashimoto's associated with?

Answer 29

Hypothyroidism.

Question 30

What is Graves' disease associated with?

Answer 30

Hyperthyroidism.

Question 31

What are the biologically active thyroid hormones?

Answer 31

Free T3 and Free T4.

Question 32

What does TSH stand for?

Answer 32

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.

Question 33

Which test is most useful for thyroid function?

Answer 33

TSH.

Question 34

What is subclinical hypothyroidism?

Answer 34

TSH minimally increased with free T4 staying within normal range.

Question 35

What is subclinical hyperthyroidism?

Answer 35

TSH is low while free T4 is normal.

Question 36

What is Thyroglobulin used for?

Answer 36

Proof of presence of thyroid follicular cells.

Question 37

What is the effect of antibodies in Graves Disease?

Answer 37

Lead to excess amounts of thyroid hormone.

Question 38

What does Hashimoto's disease cause?

Answer 38

Decreased thyroid hormone production.

Question 39

What is Subacute Thyroiditis?

Answer 39

Transient changes in thyroid hormone levels due to inflammation or leakage.

Question 40

What does euthyroid refer to?

Answer 40

Non-thyroidal illness.

Question 41

What is a common trace element required to make thyroid hormone?

Answer 41

Iodine.

Question 42

True or False: Cortisol is influenced by circadian rhythm.

Answer 42

True.

Question 43

What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in circulation?

Answer 43

Triiodothyronine (T3).