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Chemistry 2.0 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose + fructose

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2
Q

What is Lactose made of ?

A

Glucose + galactose

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3
Q

What is the term gluconeogenesis?

A

Formation of glucose from other sources like lipids

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4
Q

What is the term glycolysis?

A

metabolism of glucose

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5
Q

What is the term glycogenolysis?

A

Break down of glycogen

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6
Q

What is the term Lipogenesis?

A

Conversion of carbs to fatty acids

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7
Q

What is the term Lipolysis?

A

breakdown of fatty acids

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8
Q

Which hormone increases the transport entry of glucose into tissue cells?

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Beta-cells of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas.

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10
Q

When is insulin released?

A

when glucose levels in the plasma increase.

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11
Q

Which hormone increases the plasma glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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12
Q

Where is glucagon synthesized?

A

Pancreas - Alpha cells

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13
Q

When is glucagon secreted?

A

When plasma glucose levels are low, stress, fasting.

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14
Q

What hormones (8) are responsible for the regulation of glucose?

A
  • insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucocorticooids
  • GH
  • APH & ACTH
  • Thyroxine
  • Somatostatin
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15
Q

What is the importance of glucose?

A

Primary source of energy, brain is dependant on it.

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16
Q

What is the reference range of anion gap?

A

10-20 (including potassium)
7-16 (without)

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17
Q

Describe a type 1 diabetic?

A
  • Insulin dependant due to B-cell destruction, causing sudden or on set symptoms.
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18
Q

Describe a type 2 diabetic?

A
  • Non-insulin dependent
  • Not sudden/onset
  • Life style
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19
Q

What are three main symptoms a type 1 diabetic?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
20
Q

Which of the two diabetes would you expect higher ketones?

A

Type 1

21
Q

Why is Type 2 diabetes have higher plasma glucose in type 1?

A

Because type 2 are dehydrated compared to Type 1.

22
Q

What are the three things the body is always trying to maintain? (In the proper order)

A
  • pressure
  • pH
  • Charge
23
Q

Why wouldn’t you use K+ in the equation (NA + K) - (Cl + HCO3).

A
  • K is highly susceptible to hemolysis
  • Small
  • Reference range for K is constant because its critical for keeping you alive.
24
Q

What is a critical high glucose level?

A

> 28 mmol/L

25
Q

What is a critical lo glucose level?

A

< 2 mmol/L

26
Q

What is the reference range for fasting glucose?

A

4-6 mmol/L

27
Q

What is the reference range for random glucose?

A

6-8 mmol/L

28
Q

What tube do you collect a HbA1c?

A

EDTA

29
Q

What clinical significance does a HbA1c have?

A

Corresponds to the life span of RBC (3 months). Measures glycosylated-hemoglobin.

30
Q

What two factors can alter a HbA1c?

A
  • Life span
  • Glucose levels
31
Q

What tube do you collect a glucose in when you need STAT results?

A

PST

32
Q

What tubes can you collect routine glucose tests in, when travel is not required?

A

PST / SST

33
Q

When glucose is collected for testing in a remote town without a centrifuge what tube do you collect it in?

A

Sodium fluoride + potassium oxalate

34
Q

Explain the Glucose tolerance test for 75g drink?

A

Done on regular fasting patients to determine diabetes.

35
Q

Explain the Glucose tolerance test for 50g drink?

A

Done on pregnant women to determine gestational diabetes

36
Q

What was type 1 diabetes previously known as?

A

Juvenile diabetes

37
Q

what was type 2 diabetes previously known as?

A

Adult-onset diabetes

38
Q

What is a cause for type 1 diabetes?

A

Genetic
autoimmune disease
viruses

39
Q

what is the cause for type 2 diabetes?

A

Lifestyle

40
Q

Between type 1 and type 2 which has a deficiency of insulin?

A

Type 1 bc type 2 is resistant

41
Q

Which age group is mostly affected by type 1?

A

youth

42
Q

which age group is mostly affected by type 2?

A

adults >50

43
Q

At what rate can a person develop type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

1: Sudden onset
2: Slow onset

44
Q

Which of the two diabetes is prone to hyperosmolar coma?

A

Type 2 because they’re more dehydrated and cannot get rid of solutes.

45
Q
A

Chemistry 2.0 (5 decks)

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