Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is sucrose made of?

Answer 1

Glucose + fructose

Question 2

What is Lactose made of ?

Answer 2

Glucose + galactose

Question 3

What is the term gluconeogenesis?

Answer 3

Formation of glucose from other sources like lipids

Question 4

What is the term glycolysis?

Answer 4

metabolism of glucose

Question 5

What is the term glycogenolysis?

Answer 5

Break down of glycogen

Question 6

What is the term Lipogenesis?

Answer 6

Conversion of carbs to fatty acids

Question 7

What is the term Lipolysis?

Answer 7

breakdown of fatty acids

Question 8

Which hormone increases the transport entry of glucose into tissue cells?

Answer 8

Insulin

Question 9

Where is insulin produced?

Answer 9

Beta-cells of the islet of langerhans in the pancreas.

Question 10

When is insulin released?

Answer 10

when glucose levels in the plasma increase.

Question 11

Which hormone increases the plasma glucose levels?

Answer 11

Glucagon

Question 12

Where is glucagon synthesized?

Answer 12

Pancreas - Alpha cells

Question 13

When is glucagon secreted?

Answer 13

When plasma glucose levels are low, stress, fasting.

Question 14

What hormones (8) are responsible for the regulation of glucose?

Answer 14

• insulin
• Glucagon
• Epinephrine
• Glucocorticooids
• GH
• APH & ACTH
• Thyroxine
• Somatostatin

Question 15

What is the importance of glucose?

Answer 15

Primary source of energy, brain is dependant on it.

Question 16

What is the reference range of anion gap?

Answer 16

10-20 (including potassium)
7-16 (without)

Question 17

Describe a type 1 diabetic?

Answer 17

• Insulin dependant due to B-cell destruction, causing sudden or on set symptoms.

Question 18

Describe a type 2 diabetic?

Answer 18

• Non-insulin dependent
• Not sudden/onset
• Life style

Question 19

What are three main symptoms a type 1 diabetic?

Answer 19

• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia

Question 20

Which of the two diabetes would you expect higher ketones?

Answer 20

Type 1

Question 21

Why does Type 2 diabetes have higher plasma glucose then type 1?

Answer 21

Because type 2 are dehydrated compared to Type 1.

Polydysia (Increased thirst)

Question 22

What are the three things the body is always trying to maintain? (In the proper order)

Answer 22

• pressure
• pH
• Charge

Question 23

Why wouldn’t you use K+ in the equation (NA + K) - (Cl + HCO3).

Answer 23

• K is highly susceptible to hemolysis
• Small
• Reference range for K is constant because its critical for keeping you alive.

Question 24

What is a critical high glucose level?

Answer 24

> 28 mmol/L

Question 25

What is a critical low glucose level?

Answer 25

< 2 mmol/L

Question 26

What is the reference range for fasting glucose?

Answer 26

4-6 mmol/L

Question 27

What is the reference range for random glucose?

Answer 27

6-8 mmol/L

Question 28

What tube do you collect a HbA1c?

Answer 28

EDTA

Question 29

What clinical significance does a HbA1c have?

Answer 29

Corresponds to the life span of RBC (3 months). Measures glycosylated-hemoglobin.

Question 30

What two factors can alter a HbA1c?

Answer 30

- Red cell Life span - Glucose levels

Question 31

What tube do you collect a glucose in when you need STAT results?

Answer 31

PST

Question 32

What tubes can you collect routine glucose tests in, when travel is not required?

Answer 32

PST / SST

Question 33

When glucose is collected for testing in a remote town without a centrifuge what tube do you collect it in?

Answer 33

Sodium fluoride + potassium oxalate

Question 34

What is the purpose of the Glucose tolerance test?

Answer 34

Done on regular fasting patients to determine diabetes, or on pregnant women to determine gestational diabetes.

Question 35

Explain the Glucose tolerance test for 50g drink?

Answer 35

Done on pregnant women to determine gestational diabetes

Question 36

What was type 1 diabetes previously known as?

Answer 36

Juvenile diabetes

Question 37

what was type 2 diabetes previously known as?

Answer 37

Adult-onset diabetes

Question 38

What are causes for type 1 diabetes? | What primary conditions may lead to Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 38

* Genetic * autoimmune disease * viruses

Question 39

what is the cause for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 39

Lifestyle

Question 40

Between type 1 and type 2 which has a deficiency of insulin?

Answer 40

Type 1 bc type 2 is resistant

Question 41

Which age group is mostly affected by type 1?

Answer 41

youth

Question 42

which age group is mostly affected by type 2?

Answer 42

adults >50

Question 43

At what rate can a person develop type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 43

1: Sudden onset 2: Slow onset

Question 44

Which of the two diabetes is prone to hyperosmolar coma?

Answer 44

Type 2 because they’re more dehydrated and cannot get rid of solutes. | Remeber! Type 1 is always drinking - diluted plasma.