Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the primary source of energy for the brain?

Answer 1

Glucose

The brain depends on glucose for energy.

Question 2

What must be done to glucose tests within 60 minutes?

Answer 2

Spun to prevent glucose use by red cells

This is done to create a barrier between the plasma and red cells.

Question 3

What are the end products of glucose metabolism?

Answer 3

Carbon dioxide + water + ATP + lactic acid

Lactic acid is produced when ATP is generated in the absence of oxygen.

Question 4

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 4

Conversion of amino acids into glucose

Also includes conversion of glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate to glucose.

Question 5

What is glycolysis?

Answer 5

Conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid in an oxygen-deficient environment

Results in a net gain of 2 ATP.

Question 6

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 6

Conversion of glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate

This allows entry into the glycolic pathway.

Question 7

What is lipogenesis?

Answer 7

Conversion of glucose to fatty acids

Question 8

What is lipolysis?

Answer 8

Decomposition of fat

Question 9

Which hormone lowers glucose levels?

Answer 9

Insulin

Question 10

Which hormone increases glucose levels?

Answer 10

Glucagon

Question 11

What can cause increased glucose levels in the body?

Answer 11

• Cortisol
• Epinephrine
• Thyroxine
• Growth hormone

Question 12

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 12

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Juvenile diabetes)

Characterized by B-cell destruction in the pancreas.

Question 13

What are common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 13

• Polydipsia
• Polyuria
• Polyphagia

Question 14

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 14

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Often not immediately noticeable.

Question 15

What can lead to Type 2 diabetes if left unchecked?

Answer 15

Stress and obesity

Question 16

What does Hemoglobin A1C measure?

Answer 16

Long-term glucose levels over the past 3 months

Question 17

What can cause errors in Hemoglobin A1C testing?

Answer 17

• Compromised RBC lifespan
• Improper sample handling

Question 18

What is the reference range for fasting glucose?

Answer 18

4-6 mmol/L

Question 19

What is a critical high glucose level?

Answer 19

> 28 mmol/L

Question 20

What happens to urine protein levels in Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

Increased due to lower kidney function

Question 21

What are the three types of ketones?

Answer 21

• Acetoacetate
• Beta-hydroxybutyrate
• Acetone

Question 22

What indicates the presence of ketones in serum and urine?

Answer 22

Breakdown of fatty acids for energy

Question 23

What is the renal threshold index for glucose?

Answer 23

10 mmol/L

Question 24

What is the relationship between pH and bicarbonate (HCO3)?

Answer 24

pH is directly proportional to HCO3

Question 25

What is the reference range for osmolality?

Answer 25

275-295 mOsm/kg

Question 26

What may indicate kidney failure in diabetes?

Answer 26

Elevated urea and creatinine levels

Question 27

What is the significance of specific gravity in diabetes?

Answer 27

Increased specific gravity indicates more particles present

Question 28

What is the role of potassium (K+) in diabetes?

Answer 28

K+ levels can be affected by insulin therapy

Question 29

What is a common respiratory response to low pH in diabetic patients?

Answer 29

Kussmaul breathing

Question 30

What should be done if a random glucose level is physiologically impossible?

Answer 30

Check specimen testing