Cardiac

Question 1

What does CVD stand for?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease

Question 2

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 2

A type of cardiovascular disease

Question 3

What is cerebrovascular disease?

Answer 3

Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 4

What does PAD stand for?

Answer 4

Peripheral artery disease

Question 5

What is aortic atherosclerotic disease?

Answer 5

Aneurysms or dissections

Question 6

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 6

Chest pain

Question 7

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 7

Heart attack

Question 8

Define atherosclerosis.

Answer 8

Deposition of lipids along with turbulent blood flow may cause damaged endothelium

Question 9

What does ischemia refer to?

Answer 9

Lack of blood supply

Question 10

What is a TIA?

Answer 10

Mini stroke

Question 11

What is the consequence of myocardial infarction?

Answer 11

Loss of life to the heart muscle

Question 12

True or False: Ischemia can recover like a bruise.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

What factors can lead to ischemia?

Answer 13

Diabetes, women after menopause, lifestyle

Question 14

What diagnostic tools are used for evaluating a patient with suspected cardiac issues?

Answer 14

• ECG
• Chest x-ray
• Cardiac markers

Question 15

What should a good cardiac marker do?

Answer 15

• Released rapidly into circulation
• Specific and sensitive
• Persist days for late-presenting patients
• Detect at low concentrations

Question 16

Which historical markers are mentioned for cardiac evaluation?

Answer 16

• CK
• AST
• LDH

Question 17

What is the significance of CK in cardiac diagnosis?

Answer 17

CK can be divided into CKMM (heart), CKMB (heart muscle), CKBB (brain)

Question 18

What are the different forms of troponin?

Answer 18

• Troponin I (Trop I)
• Troponin T (Trop T)
• Troponin C (Trop C)

Question 19

What is the gold standard for cardiac markers?

Answer 19

Troponin

Question 20

When does creatine kinase peak after a myocardial infarction?

Answer 20

Peaks in 24 hours

Question 21

How long does it take for creatine kinase to return to normal after MI?

Answer 21

3-4 days

Question 22

What is myoglobin and its relevance in cardiac diagnosis?

Answer 22

Found in muscle, released early upon MI but not specific

Question 23

What does BNP stand for?

Answer 23

B-Type natriuretic peptide

Question 24

What does BNP help distinguish?

Answer 24

Cardiac from noncardiac causes of dyspnea

Question 25

What does C-Reactive Protein (CRP) indicate?

Answer 25

Acute marker of inflammation used for CVD risk

Question 26

What is hyperhomocysteinemia?

Answer 26

An independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Question 27

What is a pulmonary embolus?

Answer 27

Serious condition where an embolus becomes lodged in the pulmonary arteries

Question 28

What is the relationship between DVT and PE?

Answer 28

½ of DVTs develop into pulmonary emboli

Question 29

What symptoms do patients present with pulmonary embolus?

Answer 29

* Chest pain * Dyspnea * Coughing * Tachycardia * Unilateral leg swelling

Question 30

What is the D-Dimer test good for?

Answer 30

Good negative predictive value for pulmonary embolism

Question 31

What is an angiogram?

Answer 31

Procedure that sends a camera through the artery to visualize the heart

Question 32

What is CABG?

Answer 32

Coronary artery bypass graft using an artery in the leg

Question 33

What is the effect of massive anticoagulants?

Answer 33

Clot buster, cannot do blood work once they have been administered

Question 34

What can plasma samples have regarding LDH?

Answer 34

Higher LDH due to hemolysis or cold exposure