Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS2 BAMS > renal system (not comprehensive) > Flashcards

renal system (not comprehensive) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the kidneys

A
  1. water and electrolyte homeostasis
  2. acid base balance
  3. erythropeitin
  4. renin
  5. activate vitamin D
  6. excretory function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if you find ___ in pee, your kidneys are not working. Why?

A

rbc, blood, proteins, immune cells

^^
it means your kidneys are not working. those by right should not be able to filter across glomerulus, and or should not be rebsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

healthy gfr and unhealthy gfr rate

A

healthy above 90
unhealthy below 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Difference between acute and chronic renal failure

A
  • Acute rapid over hours or days, reversible with time
  • Chronic gradual loss of function over years , irreversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes pre, renal, post failure

A

pre renal - problems with circulation of blood into the kidneys

renal - problems with kidney itself

post renal - problems with outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes acute pre renal renal failure

A

hypovolaemia, diarrhoea, dehydration

something that causes a sudden large drop in BP, large decrease in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what causes intrarenal renal failure

A
  • damage to kidneys itself
  • chronic disease
  • inflammation/ infections eg glomerular nephritis
  • drug damage
  • trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some examples of outflow obstruction

A

UTI

UT obstruction
- tumours
- stones (renal calculi)
- BPH benign prostate hypertrophy

UTmalignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how to diagnose renal failure

A

eGFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

should there be creatinine in blood?

A

no, creatinine should not be getting reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

serum creatinine >200umol/L means what

A

acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can hyperkalaemia cause?

A

cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why is there ankle and pulmonary odema in ACUTE renal failure?

A

there is NO urination at first, leads to volume overload, fluid pools in lungs and ankles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens after zero urination in acute renal failure

A

polyuria ie pee alot
this is because filtration function has returned but concentration ability has not returned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

main cause of chronic kidney failure

A

hypertension
diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

other than hypertension and diabetes, what other causes of kidney failure is there

A

nephrotoxic drugs
NSAIDs
glomerulonephritis
vasculitis
aorta or renal artery disease
polycystic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diagnosis of chronic kidney disease

A

eGFR – less than 90ml/min = normal or minimal damage

less than 60ml/min = irreversible damage and decreased function

less than 15ml/min = end stage renal disease

creatinine 800-1000umol/L = end stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of chronic renal failure

A
  • manging diabetes and hypertension
  • manage vasculitic diseases
  • dialysis
  • restrict fluid intake, salt, potassium, proteins
  • eliminate nephrotoxic drugs, NSAIDs
  • end stage renal disease -> renal transplant
  • correct anaemia deficiency by blood transfusion
  • correct calcium deficiency
  • remove renal stones
  • treat any chronic kidney inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what to take note when prescribing medication

A
  • avoid NSAIDs
  • reduce dosage
  • ## check all drugs with renal physician
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oral manifestations of renal failure

A

growth may be slower
- oral ulceration
- painful mucosa and tongue
- white patches aka uremic stomatitis
- oral opportunistic infections
- dry mouth
- taste disturbances
- bleeding tendencies
- renal osteodystrophy -> loss of lamina dura
- bony radiolucency

21
Q

what can chronic renal failure lead to

A
  • less vit D activated -> hypocalcaemia -> increased bone resorption -> osteodystrophy
  • falling GFR -> increased renin -> hypertension
  • less erythropoietin -> less rbc -> anaemia
  • weakness
  • nausea
  • polyuria
  • renal bone diseases
    o osteodystrophy
    o osteomalacia
22
Q

RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY

A
  1. transplant
  2. dialysis
23
Q

dialysis solution contains

A

o low conc of solutes that you want out of the blood
o high conc of solutes that you want in blood

24
Q

what sort of diffusion in dialysis

A
  • passive diffusion
25
Q

haemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis

A

a. blood filtered outside the body in a dialysis machine
b. artificial membrane used
c. done at a centre over hours

a. dialysis solution pumped into the peritoneal cavity, with the peritoneal membrane used as a filtering membrane
b. done at home all day or night

26
Q

which dialysis requires heparin

A

haemodialysis

27
Q

when should dental treatment be done after dialyss

A

Dental treatment should be done day after haemodialysis

28
Q

why Liase with the physician before prescribing drugs

A

drug you prescribe needs to be able to be removed by dialysis machine

29
Q

does renal transplant or dialysis have higher survival rate

A

transplant
- higher survival rate than dialysis
- normal renal function after transplant
- no dietary restriction

30
Q

potential effects of transplant

A
  • acute or chronic rejection
  • requires immunosuppressive drugs for life -> prone to infections
  • high CVS mortality unclear why
  • osteoporosis risk still present
  • risk of candidiasis from steroids
  • risk of skin, lip , oral cancer
31
Q

Urinary tract made up of

A

kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra

32
Q

is urine sterile

A

Urine is usually sterile
any bacteria or white blood cells detected implies infection

33
Q

what urine sample should we be looking at

A

MID stream urine sample

34
Q

Why is UTI more common in woman?

A
  • urethra shorter in women than men, easier for bacteria spread
35
Q

Most common bacteria in UTI

A
  • e.coli
  • staph, fungi, virus and TB possible
36
Q

how does bacteria get into urine

A
  • bacteria gets through lining of bladder into urine
37
Q

Cystitis

A

bladder inflammation

38
Q

Urethritis

A

ureter inflammation

39
Q

what does a reagent strip test urine for

A
    1. leukocytes
    1. blood
    1. nitrate
40
Q

UTI symptoms

A
  • dysuria
  • urinary frequency
  • cloudy urine
  • offensive smelling urine
  • subpar pubic pain
41
Q

What increases risk of UTI

A
  • women
  • diabetes
  • immune system compromised
  • urinary tract abnormalities
  • spinal cord injuries causing bladder contractility issues
42
Q

UTI can lead to?

A
  • cystitis
  • renal infection
  • prostate infection
  • urethritis
43
Q

UTI treatment

A
  • increase fluid intake
  • antibiotics not necessary
  • peeing regularly can flush the bacteria out -> return to health naturally
44
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH symptoms

A

i. difficulty in pee
ii. slow stream low pressure
iii. increased frequency since bladder doesn’t empty out
iv. nocturia
v. urgency

45
Q

treatments for BPH

A

i. alpha blocking drugs
ii. anticholinergic
iii. diuretics
iv. surgery to remove obstruction around urethra

46
Q

prostate malignancy or BPH more common cause for obstruction?

A

BPH

47
Q

are renal stones / calculi painful

A

painless in kidney
extremely painful in the ureter

48
Q

how to treat renal calculi

A

treat with Lithotrypsy
- ultrasound shock waves to break up the stones
- pass out in urine

49
Q
A

BDS2 BAMS (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions