diabetes Flashcards
diabetes mellitus vs diabetes insipidus
diabetes means pee alot
mellitus = glucose in pee (glucose regulation problem)
insipidus = no glucose in pee (renal function problem, lack of adh)
type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus more common
type 2 85%
type 1 vs type 2
o type 1 -> no insulin production
o type 2 -> poor response to insulin
what other medical conditions are diabetes related to?
infection
poor wound healing
stroke
MI
peripheral neuropathy and artery disease
retinopathy
diabetic foot
cataract
renal disease
how to test for diabetes?
high plasma glucose >11.1mmol/L
Glucose tolerance test
HbA1C >48mmol/molo (glycosylated haemoglobin)
what is glucose tolerance test?
given 75g of glucose and sugar level accessed after 2 hours
results can be normal, impaired fasting glucose or diabetes
if you are found to have impaired fasting glucose from a GTT test, what does it mean?
pre diabetic
what is glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1C??
used to MONITOR diabtes, tells you if sugar control has been good or bad for the past few weeks
o measure of how much glucose residue is stuck to the surface of Hb
o glucose residue increases with time, signifies increasing sugar concentration in blood
Ketoacidosis
body cannot access glucose for metabolism and energy so starts to metabolise fat which results in ketones and acid
what is GAD ICA IAA
- GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase
- ICA = islet cell antibodies
- IAA = insulin auto antibodies
What does insulin resistance mean?
blood glucose constantly high so insulin becomes less sensitive, requires larger amounts of insulin to lower blood glucose levels
high basal insulin levels
B cell response to hyperglycaemia is inadequate
failure of gluconeogenesis suprresion
glucose movement is poorly repsonsive so glucose uptake is reduced
insulin resistance found in which type of diabetes
2
Diabetes related to medications
- corticosteroids (insulin antagonists)
- immune suppressants
- cancer meds
- antipsychotic meds
- antiviral
Diabetes related to which endocrine diseases
- Cushings (excess cortisol)
- Phaeochromocytoma (adrenaline tumour)
- Acromegaly (excess growth hormone)
Why? Because a change in hormone levels will change the ability of the body to handle glucose load
what is gestational diabetes
pregnant women, increased metabolism but once baby born back to normal
type 1 causes
autoimmune destruction of B cells (Lymphocytes attack pancreatic islets of Langerhans )
genetic + environment