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PH 131 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

0
Q

1st step in urine formation

A

Glomerular filtration

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1
Q

Formula for urinary excretion rate

A

Filtration rate - reabsorption rate + secretion rate

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2
Q

Endothelium lining, basement membrane, epithelial cell layer surr outer surface of BM, glomerular pump. Which is not part of the glomerular capillary membrane?

A

glomerular pump

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3
Q

Glomerular capillary membrane has negative charge so negatively charged proteins can pass.true or false?

A

False. Protein cannot pass bec similar charge

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4
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure pushes water __ while Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure pushes water ___ (in, out)

A

Out, in

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5
Q

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure: how does it affect water?

A

Prevents fluid exit bec colloid attracts fluid. Water does not leave glomerulus

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6
Q

Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure: effect on water

A

Gets water out bec proteins attract water

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7
Q

Net filtration pressure must be ___ (+ or -) for water to go out

A

Positive

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8
Q

Maintenance of relatively stable GFR over wide range of blood pressures, within kidney

A

Autoregulation

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9
Q

The following contribute to autoregulation of glomerular filtration except (myogenic reflex,conditioning of glomerular capillary membrane, tubuloglomerular feedback, angiotensin-II mediated vasoconstriction)

A

conditioning of glomerular capillary membrane

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10
Q

Myogenic reflex and tubuloglomerular feedback affect __ arteriole while angiotensin-II mediated vasoconstriction affects __ arteriole (afferent, efferent)

A

Afferent, efferent

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11
Q

Myogenic reflex
⬆️BP: __ afferent arteriole
⬇️BP: __ afferent arteriole
(Dilate, constrict)

A

Constrict, dilate

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12
Q

Purpose of myogenic reflex toward afferent arteriole

A

Protect arteriole fr sudden Systolic BP spikes

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13
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback toward aff.arteriole mediated by ___

A

Macula densa

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14
Q

Macula densa: part of ___ of loop of Henle

A

Thick ascending limb

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15
Q

What kind of receptor is macula densa?

A

Osmoreceptor (to solute conc, tubular fluid flow)

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16
Q

⬆️tubular flow rates, ___ solute delivery to macula densa, __filtration pressure

A

⬆Then⬇️

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17
Q

During increased NaCl reabsorption, what does macula densa produce!

A

ATP

Adenosine

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18
Q

Adenosine is a potent vasoconstrictor.true or false?

A

True

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19
Q

Converts angiotensiongen to angiotensin

A

Renin

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20
Q

Converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

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21
Q

Why is renin released?

A

Low RBF

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22
Q

Effect of angiotensin II on efferent arteriole

A

Vasoconstriction

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23
Q

Effect of vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole on glomerular hydrostatic levels

A

Increase

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24
Q

This forms occlusive barrier separating lumen of tubule from interstitial spaces surrrounding the tubule

A

Tight junction

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25
Q

___ membrane: facing tubular lumen

___ membrane: facing interstitium

A

Apical

Basolateral

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26
Q

Epithelial solute transport described as Movement of fluid or solute sequentially across apical and basolateral membrane via transporter,channel,pump

A

Cellular transport

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27
Q

Epithelial solute transport described as mvmt thru narrow passageway bet adj cells

A

Paracellular transport

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28
Q

2 types of tight junctions

A

Leaky epithelia. And tight epithelia

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29
Q

False of leaky epithelia
A.found in collecting duct
B.wellsuited for bulk fluid reabsorption
C.allows robust paracellular transport

A

A.found in collecting duct

Leaky epithelia found at PCT

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30
Q

False of tight epithelia
A.found in collecting duct
B.with more tight junctions
C.allows robust paracellular transport

A

Tight epithelia: more refined control and regulation of transport… So therefore:
C.allows robust paracellular transport

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31
Q

[membrane transport] which is properly matched?
I.active transport:channel
II.passive transport:transporter
III.facilitated diffusion:pump
IV.secondary active transport:co-transporter

A

IV. Bec
I.active transport:pump
II.passive transport:channel
III.facilitated diffusion:transporter

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32
Q

They couple the mvmt of an ion down electrochem gradient to uphill of another ion/molecule against conc or electrochem gradient

A

Co-transporters

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33
Q

(Nephron)

Where does most of the reabsorption happen?

A

pct

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34
Q

What steers bulk fluid reabsorption?

A

Low hydrostatic P and high oncotic P at peritubular capillaries

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35
Q

what is aquaporin-1

A

Active water channel at both apical and basolateral membranes, involved at water reabsorption

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36
Q

Leaky epithelia are involved in both water and solute reabsorption,true or false!

A

True

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37
Q

Solute reabsorption partnered with __ concentration thru activity of __

A

Na

Na+/K+-ATPase

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38
Q

Bicarbonate reabsorption dep on __

A

Carbonic anhydrases

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39
Q

Apical exchange of cellular __ for higher luminal conc of Cl : primary mechanism for chloride reabsorption

A

Formate

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40
Q

Glucose reabsorption: which is false
A.at start of PCT
b.coupled with Na via cotransporter
C.saturable

A

A.at start of PCT

Sa may dulo sya

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41
Q

Organic acids and bases reabsorbed via transporters (that secrete carboxylate anions and amine cations). Tama ba?

A

Tama

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42
Q

Amino acid reabsorption c/o ___ dep or indep transport systems

A

Na

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43
Q

Peptide hormones ingested via ___ and degraded in 2 ways: __ and __

A

Endocytosis
Lysosomes
Acidified endocytic vesicles

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44
Q

Part of nephron where countercurrent multiplication occurs

A

Loop of Henle

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45
Q

Loop of Henle contributes to reabsorption of these 2 elements via K+ recycling

A

Calcium and magnesium

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46
Q

Active aquaporin-1 channels found at which segment of loop of Henle?

A

Descending thin

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47
Q

Countercurrent multip produces ___ medullary interstitium (hypertonic,hypotonic)

A

Hypertonic

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48
Q

Medullary peritubukar capillaries enveloping the loop of Henle

A

Vasa recta

49
Q

NaCl reabsorption by thick ascending limb is principal initiating event for countercurrent multip,true or false?

A

True

50
Q

___ water permeability at descending thick limb&raquo_space; Osmotic equilib bet desc.limb +interstitium&raquo_space;
progressive solute trapping at medulla

A

High

51
Q

Max medullary interstitial osmolality is also in need of ___ recycling of __ from ___

A

Partial
Urea
Collecting duct

52
Q

True or false. Distal convoluted tubule has leaky epithelia with high water permeability

A

False: has tight epithelia with low water permeability

53
Q 
The following are involved in sodium reabsorption at DCT except
A.Na+/K+-ATPase
B.Cl channels
C.Na+/Cl- cotransporter
D.K channels
E.apical membrane
A

D.K channels

54
Q

The following are involved in calcium reabsorption at DCT except
A.apical calcium selective channels
B.basolateral Na+/Ca2+ exchange
C.thyroid hormone

A

C.thyroid hormone

Dapat parathyroid hormone

55
Q

Part of nephron that regulated final composition of urine

A

Collecting duct

56
Q

Two major divisions of collecting duct

A

Cortical

Inner medullary

57
Q

I.Main sodium reabsorbing cells at collecting duct
II.Site of action of cortisol
III.responds to vasopressin

Which is not true of collecting duct’s principal cells?

A

II.Site of action of cortisol

Aldosterone dapat

58
Q

Intercalated cells in collecting duct: Type A and type B.

Which is for acid secretion mediation and bicarbonate resorption?

A

Type A

59
Q

Intercalated cells in collecting duct: Type A and type B.

Which is for bicarbonate secretion mediation and acid resorption?

A

Type B

60
Q

Cells at collecting duct are permeable to water. True or false?

A

False. They have ADHregulated water channels for water resorption

61
Q

Aquaporin-__ at apical membrane and aquaporin-__ and __ at basolateral mem of collecting duct cells
(4,3,2)

A

2,3,4

62
Q

Cells have Na+ and K+ channels on basolateral side.true or false?

A

False.

Apical side

63
Q

Na reabsorption is inhibited by atrial natriuretic __ / renal natriuretic __ thru reduction of activity of apical Na channel

A

Peptide

64
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by __. It involves what receptors, apical or basolateral?

A

Atrial myocytes

Basolateral

65
Q

Renal natriuretic peptide is secreted by __. It involves what receptors, apical or basolateral?

A

Renal tubular epithelia

Apical

66
Q

Inner medullary collecting duct is __ to urea which diffuses into interstitium. This contributes to __ of medullary interstitium

A

Urea

Hypertonicity

67
Q

Volume of plasma that is completely cleared of substance by kidneys per unit time

A

Renal clearance

68
Q

Volume of plasma needed to supply substance amt excreted in urine per unit time

A

Clearance

69
Q

Plant polysaccharide that can be used to determine renal clearance

A

Inulin

70
Q

Byproduct of muscle metab used in estimating glomerular filtration rate and testing kidney function

A

Creatinine

71
Q

Osmolar state determining volume behavior of cells in solution

A

Tonicity

72
Q

Na+/K+-ATPase keeps most K __ and most Na __

Out? In?

A

Inside cells

Outside cells

73
Q

⬇️total body water –> __ Na conc –> __ thirst / __ water conserved. What hormone is released here?

A

⬆️ for all three blanks

Vasopressin

74
Q

⬇️plasma sodium conc –> __ water excreted. Is vasopressin suppressed here?

A

⬆️

Yes

75
Q

Aquaporin 1,2,3 are regulated by vasopressin at collecting duct. Aquaporin 4 is at PCT and DCT. T or F?

A

F. Aquaporin 1 at PCT and DCT, 2 3 4 at collecting duct

76
Q

The following regulate sodium balance except (atrial natriuretic peptide, RAAS, sodium signaling, adenosine, vasopressin, neural adrenergic axis)

A

Sodium signaling. Calcium signaling dapat yan

77
Q

If Na intake > Na excretion, what happens to Na amt in blood and urine?

A

Increase in both

78
Q

If Na intake < Na excretion, what happens to Na amt in blood and urine?

A

Decrease in both

79
Q

Which of the ff does not affect renin snythesis?
A.prostaglandins
B.macula densa
C.beta1 adrenergic stimulation to afferent arteriole
D.glomerular filtration rate

A

D.glomerular filtration rate

80
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates prod of __ by adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

81
Q

Aldosterone bidn to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors in principal cells of collecting duct that increase activity of apical membrane Na+ channel and K+ channel AND basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase activity. true or false?

A

False. Mineralocorticoid dapat

82
Q

False about high protein diet
A.increases glomerular filtration rate
B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion
C.responsible to advanced glycation end-products

A

B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion

Increased dapat

83
Q

__ + Amino acids = advanced glycation end products

What is the effect on kidney?

A

Glucose

Disease

84
Q

If too little carb intake, urinary incontinence is possible due to damaged ANS sphincter control. True or false?

A

False. Too much carb dapat

85
Q

Low carb diet leads to increase in urination bec increase stored glycogen breakdown. True or false?

A

True

86
Q

If too low carb intake, muscle protein is used and protein waste accumulates at blood. True or false?

A

True

87
Q

__ Na intake leads to hyperfiltration.

A

⬆️

88
Q

High Na levels&raquo_space; __ aldosterone released&raquo_space; loss of adrenal fxn

A

⬇️

89
Q

High renal intake of K: __ kaliuresis

A

High

90
Q

Aldosterone-/indep) kaliuresis:

Increased K+ uptake across basolateral mem of principal cells by ___

A

Na-K pump

91
Q

Aldosterone-dep kaliuresis: ___ cells of adrenal cortex stimulated to prod aldosterone

A

Glomerulosa

92
Q

These two are responsible for K secretion

A

Renal outer medullary potassium channel

Big potassium channel

93
Q

More aldosterone,____ renal excretion of K

A

More

94
Q

Why drink 8 glasses of water?

A

Provide sufficient water for kidneys to use in washing away fatty acids from fat breakdown

95
Q

Caffeine increases urine output. True or false?

A

True

96
Q

Less sodium ion reabsorbed leads to darker and more pungent urine. True or false?

A

True. More urination but less of the Water filtration

97
Q

Caffeine does not force body to eliminate liquids before adequate absorption. True or false?

A

False. It interferes with fluid retention

98
Q

Caffeine can exacerbate negative side effect of drinking. True or false?

A

True

99
Q

Alcohol acutely stimulates ADH therefore increasing blood output. T or F?

A

T pero

100
Q

Alcohol consumption leads to: ____ amount of K excreted by body

A

Lower

101
Q

False about high protein diet
A.increases glomerular filtration rate
B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion
C.responsible to advanced glycation end-products

A

B.decreased creatinine and urea excretion

Increased dapat

102
Q

__ + Amino acids = advanced glycation end products

What is the effect on kidney?

A

Glucose

Disease

103
Q

If too little carb intake, urinary incontinence is possible due to damaged ANS sphincter control. True or false?

A

False. Too much carb dapat

104
Q

Low carb diet leads to increase in urination bec increase stored glycogen breakdown. True or false?

A

True

105
Q

If too low carb intake, muscle protein is used and protein waste accumulates at blood. True or false?

A

True

106
Q

__ Na intake leads to hyperfiltration.

A

⬆️

107
Q

High Na levels&raquo_space; __ aldosterone released&raquo_space; loss of adrenal fxn

A

⬇️

108
Q

High renal intake of K: __ kaliuresis

A

High

109
Q

Aldosterone-/indep) kaliuresis:

Increased K+ uptake across basolateral mem of principal cells by ___

A

Na-K pump

110
Q

Aldosterone-dep kaliuresis: ___ cells of adrenal cortex stimulated to prod aldosterone

A

Glomerulosa

111
Q

These two are responsible for K secretion

A

Renal outer medullary potassium channel

Big potassium channel

112
Q

More aldosterone,____ renal excretion of K

A

More

113
Q

Why drink 8 glasses of water?

A

Provide sufficient water for kidneys to use in washing away fatty acids from fat breakdown

114
Q

Caffeine increases urine output. True or false?

A

True

115
Q

Less sodium ion reabsorbed leads to darker and more pungent urine. True or false?

A

True. More urination but less of the Water filtration

116
Q

Caffeine does not force body to eliminate liquids before adequate absorption. True or false?

A

False. It interferes with fluid retention

117
Q

Caffeine can exacerbate negative side effect of drinking. True or false?

A

True

118
Q

Alcohol acutely stimulates ADH therefore increasing blood output. T or F?

A

T pero

119
Q

Alcohol consumption leads to: ____ amount of K excreted by body

A

Lower

PH 131 (9 decks)

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