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1.1 ANAPHY > RENAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

RENAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys are situated against the dorsal body wall
in a _____

A

retroperitoneal position (behind the parietal peritoneum)

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2
Q

 The kidneys are situated at the level of the ___

A

T12 to L3
vertebrae

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2
Q

 The right kidney is slightly ___

A

lower than the left

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2
Q

provides each kidney with arterial blood
supply

A

Renal artery

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2
Q

 Each nephron consists of two main structures

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Renal tubule
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2
Q

Renal corpuscle consists

A

Glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) caps

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2
Q

 Renal artery divides into

A

segmental arteries →
interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical
radiate arterie
SIAC

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2
Q

Foot processes cling to the glomerulus

A
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2
Q

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes

A

Glomerulus

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2
Q

Structural and functional units of kidneys

A

NEPHRONS

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2
Q

From the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, the
subdivisions of the renal tubule are:

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
  3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT
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2
Q

make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule

A

Podocytes

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2
Q

 Located entirely in the cortex
 Include most nephron

A

Cortical nephrons

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2
Q

cup-shaped
structure that surrounds the glomerulus
 First part of the renal tubule

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) caps

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2
Q

 Found at the cortex-medulla junction

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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2
Q

 Extends from glomerular capsule and ends when it
empties into the collecting duct

A

Renal tubule

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2
Q

create a porous membrane—ideal for filtration

A

Filtration slits

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3
Q

 Collecting ducts collect urine from both types of
nephrons, through the renal pyramids, to the calyces,
and then to the renal pelvis

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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3
Q

—arises from a cortical radiate artery
and feeds the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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3
Q

 Nephron loop dips deep into the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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3
Q

 Fed and drained by arterioles

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

—receives blood that has passed
through the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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3
Q

Filtrate leaves via the

A

renal tubule

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3
Q

Specialized for filtration

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

Urine formation is the result of three processes

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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3
Q

 High pressure forces fluid and solutes out of blood and
into glomerular capsule

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

is a nonselective, passive
process in which fluid passes from the blood into
the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule

A

Glomerular filtration

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3
Q

Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced
through glomerular capillary walls

A
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3
Q

Proteins and blood cells are normally too large to pass
through the filtration membrane

A
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3
Q

Once in the capsule, the fluid is called

A

filtrate

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3
Q

Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood
pressure is normal

A
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3
Q

 The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances
from the renal tubule cells, such as:

A

Tubular reabsorption
 Water
 Glucose
 Amino acids
 Ions

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3
Q

 If arterial blood pressure is too low, filtrate formation
stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to
form filtrate

A
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3
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal convoluted
tubule

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3
Q

Some reabsorption is passive; most is active (ATP)

A
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3
Q

 Reabsorption in reverse
 Some materials move from the blood of the peritubular
capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in
filtrate
 Hydrogen and potassium ions
 Creatinine
Secretion is important for:
 Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
 Removing drugs and excess ions
 Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
 Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the
ureter

A

Tubular secretion

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3
Q

Nitrogenous waste products are poorly reabsorbed, if
at all
 Tend to remain in the filtrate and are excreted from the
body in the urine

A

Nitrogenous waste

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3
Q

 —associated with creatine metabolism in
muscles

A

Creatinine

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3
Q

In 24 hours, about ___ liters of urine are
produced

A

1.0 to 1.8

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3
Q

 —end product of protein breakdown

A

Urea

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3
Q

—results from nucleic acid metabolism

A

Uric acid

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3
Q

 Urine is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of
its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through
reabsorption
 Urine contains nitrogenous wastes and substances
that are not needed

A
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3
Q

Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does
(except proteins)

A
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3
Q

Normal urine output is

A

30 to 60mL per HOUR

3
Q

Yellow color is normal and due to the pigment
___ (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and
solutes

A

urochrome

3
Q

Solutes NOT normally found in urine

A

 Glucose
 Blood proteins
 Red blood cells
 Hemoglobin
 WBCs (pus)
 Bile

3
Q

Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy
Pathological: Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

A

Proteinuria (pro″te-˘ı-nu′re-ah)
(also called albuminuria)

4
Q

Urine specific gravity of

A

1.010 to 1035

4
Q

Solutes normally found in urine

A

 Sodium and potassium ions
 Urea, uric acid, creatinine
 Ammonia
 Bicarbonate ion

4
Q

Nonpathological: Excessive intake of sugary foods
Pathological: Diabetes mellitus

A

Glycosuria

4
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

Pyuria (pi-u′re-ah)

4
Q

Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma,
kidney stones, infection)

A

Hematuria (he″mah-tu′re-ah)

5
Q

Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

A

Hemoglobinuria
(he″mo-glo-b˘ı-nu′re-ah)

6
Q

Liver disease (hepatitis)

A

Bilirubinuria (bil″˘ı-roo-b˘ı-nu′re-ah)

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1.1 ANAPHY (10 decks)

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