RENAL SYSTEM

Question 1

The kidneys are situated against the dorsal body wall
in a _____

Answer 1

retroperitoneal position (behind the parietal peritoneum)

Question 2

 The kidneys are situated at the level of the ___

Answer 2

T12 to L3
vertebrae

Question 2

 The right kidney is slightly ___

Answer 2

lower than the left

Question 2

provides each kidney with arterial blood
supply

Answer 2

Renal artery

Question 2

 Each nephron consists of two main structures

Answer 2

1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule

Question 2

Renal corpuscle consists

Answer 2

Glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) caps

Question 2

 Renal artery divides into

Answer 2

segmental arteries →
interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical
radiate arterie
SIAC

Question 2

Foot processes cling to the glomerulus

Question 2

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes

Answer 2

Glomerulus

Question 2

Structural and functional units of kidneys

Answer 2

NEPHRONS

Question 2

From the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, the
subdivisions of the renal tubule are:

Answer 2

1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT

Question 2

make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule

Answer 2

Podocytes

Question 2

 Located entirely in the cortex
 Include most nephron

Answer 2

Cortical nephrons

Question 2

cup-shaped
structure that surrounds the glomerulus
 First part of the renal tubule

Answer 2

Glomerular (Bowman’s) caps

Question 2

 Found at the cortex-medulla junction

Answer 2

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 2

 Extends from glomerular capsule and ends when it
empties into the collecting duct

Answer 2

Renal tubule

Question 2

create a porous membrane—ideal for filtration

Answer 2

Filtration slits

Question 3

 Collecting ducts collect urine from both types of
nephrons, through the renal pyramids, to the calyces,
and then to the renal pelvis

Answer 3

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 3

—arises from a cortical radiate artery
and feeds the glomerulus

Answer 3

Afferent arteriole

Question 3

 Nephron loop dips deep into the medulla

Answer 3

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 3

 Fed and drained by arterioles

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 3

—receives blood that has passed
through the glomerulus

Answer 3

Efferent arteriole

Question 3

Filtrate leaves via the

Answer 3

renal tubule

Question 3

Specialized for filtration

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 3

Urine formation is the result of three processes

Answer 3

1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

Question 3

 High pressure forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into glomerular capsule

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 3

is a nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule

Answer 3

Glomerular filtration

Question 3

Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through glomerular capillary walls

Question 3

Proteins and blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane

Question 3

Once in the capsule, the fluid is called

Answer 3

filtrate

Question 3

Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is normal

Question 3

 The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells, such as:

Answer 3

Tubular reabsorption  Water  Glucose  Amino acids  Ions

Question 3

 If arterial blood pressure is too low, filtrate formation stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate

Question 3

Most reabsorption occurs in the

Answer 3

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 3

Some reabsorption is passive; most is active (ATP)

Question 3

 Reabsorption in reverse  Some materials move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate  Hydrogen and potassium ions  Creatinine Secretion is important for:  Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate  Removing drugs and excess ions  Maintaining acid-base balance of blood  Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter

Answer 3

Tubular secretion

Question 3

Nitrogenous waste products are poorly reabsorbed, if at all  Tend to remain in the filtrate and are excreted from the body in the urine

Answer 3

Nitrogenous waste

Question 3

 —associated with creatine metabolism in muscles

Answer 3

Creatinine

Question 3

In 24 hours, about ___ liters of urine are produced

Answer 3

1.0 to 1.8

Question 3

 —end product of protein breakdown

Answer 3

Urea

Question 3

—results from nucleic acid metabolism

Answer 3

Uric acid

Question 3

 Urine is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption  Urine contains nitrogenous wastes and substances that are not needed

Question 3

Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins)

Question 3

Normal urine output is

Answer 3

30 to 60mL per HOUR

Question 3

Yellow color is normal and due to the pigment ___ (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes

Answer 3

urochrome

Question 3

Solutes NOT normally found in urine

Answer 3

 Glucose  Blood proteins  Red blood cells  Hemoglobin  WBCs (pus)  Bile

Question 3

Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy Pathological: Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

Answer 3

Proteinuria (pro″te-˘ı-nu′re-ah) (also called albuminuria)

Question 4

Urine specific gravity of

Answer 4

1.010 to 1035

Question 4

Solutes normally found in urine

Answer 4

 Sodium and potassium ions  Urea, uric acid, creatinine  Ammonia  Bicarbonate ion

Question 4

Nonpathological: Excessive intake of sugary foods Pathological: Diabetes mellitus

Answer 4

Glycosuria

Question 4

Urinary tract infection

Answer 4

Pyuria (pi-u′re-ah)

Question 4

Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

Answer 4

Hematuria (he″mah-tu′re-ah)

Question 5

Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

Answer 5

Hemoglobinuria (he″mo-glo-b˘ı-nu′re-ah)

Question 6

Liver disease (hepatitis)

Answer 6

Bilirubinuria (bil″˘ı-roo-b˘ı-nu′re-ah)