ENDOCRINE Flashcards
1
Q
These hormones are released into , which connects
A
portal circulation, hypothalamus to anterior pituitary.
2
Q
Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
A
PINEAL GLAND
3
Q
Found at the base of the
throat, inferior to the Adam’s
apple
A
Thyroid Gland
4
Q
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
A
PARATHYROID GLAND
5
Q
Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the
sternum.
A
THYMUS
6
Q
Siton top of the kidneys
A
ADRENAL GLAND
7
Q
Located in the abdomen, close to stomach.
* Mixed gland, with both endocrine and
exocrine functions.
A
PANCREAS
8
Q
Male gonads
suspended outside the
pelvic cavity.
* Produce sperm. * Produce androgens,
such as testosterone
A
TESTES
9
Q
Female gonads located in the
pelvic cavity
* Produce eggs
* Producetwo groups of steroid
hormones:
⚬ Estrogens
⚬ Progesterone
A
OVARIES
10
Q
Hormones are classified chemically
A
Amino acid–based, which includes:
* Proteins
* Peptides
* Amines
Steroids—made from cholesterol
Prostaglandins—made from highly
active lipids that act as local hormones
11
Q
Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by
A
negative feedback.
12
Q
A _____ in the blood trigger the release of more hormone.
A
stimulus or low hormone levels
13
Q
The stimuli that activate
endocrine glands fall into three
major categories
A
- Hormonal
2.Humoral
3.Neural
14
Q
Hormones of the
hypothalamus stimulate
the anterior pituitary to
secrete its hormones
A
HORMONAL
15
Q
Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release.
A
Humoral
16
Q
- indicates various body fluids,
such as blood and bile.
A
Humoral
17
Q
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels
A
Humoral
18
Q
- Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels
A
Humoral
19
Q
- Nerve fibers stimulate
hormone release.
A
Neural stimuli
19
Q
- Most are under the control of
the sympathetic nervous system.
A
Neural stimuli
20
Q
PURELY ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
A
Anterior pituitary,thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids
20
Q
- Sympathetic stimulation of
the adrenal medulla to
release epinephrine and
norepinephrine
A
Neural stimuli
21
Q
Endocrine glands are
A
ductless glands.
22
Q
Hormones are released directly into
A
blood or lymph
23
mixed glands
pancreas, gonads
23
Hypothalamus produces
releasing hormones
and inhibiting hormones
24
These hormones are released into _ , which connects
portal circulation, hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
24
Hypothalamus also makes two hormones:
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
25
* results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood.
Pituitary dwarfism
26
Carried to posterior pituitary via
neurosecretory cells for storage
HYPOTHALAMUS
26
The posterior pituitary
does not produce its
own hormones; instead,
it stores two
hormones——that are
produced by neurons in
the hypothalamus
vasopressin
and oxytocin
27
* results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood.
Gigantism
28
* results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
29
Believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle
MELATONIN
30
* Believed to coordinate the hormones of
fertility in humans and to inhibit the
reproductive system until maturity occurs
MELATONIN
31
Consists of two lobes and a
connecting isthmus.
THYROID GLAND
32
* Follicles are hollow structures
that store colloidal material.
THYROID GLAND
33
* THYROID GLAND Produces two hormones:
Thyroid hormone
⚬ Calcitonin
34
predominant inhibitor of TSH secretion
T3
35
When T4 enters the circulation, it gets converted to
T3 through the process of
deiodination
36
* Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
* Results in dwarfism during childhood.
Cretinism
36
* Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine.
* Salt is iodized to prevent THIS.
Goiters
37
* Caused by hypothyroidism in adults.
* Results in physical and mental sluggishness.
Myxedema
38
* Caused by hyperthyroidism.
* Results in increased metabolism, heat
intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and
exophthalmos
Graves’ disease
39
Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+)
homeostasis of the blood
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
40
⚬ Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from
bone.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
41
⚬ Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium
levels).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
42
⚬ Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb
more calcium
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
43
Largest in infants and children.
THYMUS
44
* Decreases in size throughout adulthood.
THYMUS
45
* THYMUS Produces a hormone called .
Thymosin
46
⚬ Matures some types of white blood cells.
Thymosin
46
⚬ Important in developing the immune system
Thymosin
47
⚬ Regulate mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly
sodium and potassium ions.
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone
48
⚬ Regulate water and electrolyte balance.
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone
49
⚬ Target organ is the kidney
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone
49
Release of aldosterone is stimulated by:
Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassiumions in the blood).
⚬ Hormonal stimulation (ACTH).
⚬ Renin and angiotensin II
50
Aldosterone production is inhibited by ___, a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high
atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP),
51
⚬ Promote normal cell metabolism.
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
52
⚬ Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone).
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
52
Hormones of the adrenal medulla Produces two similar hormones(catecholamines):
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
⚬ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline
52
⚬ Anti-inflammatory properties.
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
52
⚬ Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
53
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short- term stress (fight or flight) by:
⚬ Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels.
⚬ Dilating small passage ways of lungs
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
⚬ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline
54
the regions of the pancreas that contain its
endocrine (hormone-producing) cells: Insulin—produced by beta cells.
⚬ Glucagon—produced by alpha cells
These hormones are antagonists that maintain
blood sugar homeostasis
Pancreatic Islets or islets of Langerhans
55
Releasedwhen blood glucose levels are high.
Insulin
55
* Increases the rate of glucose uptake and
metabolism by body cells.
Insulin
55
* Released when blood glucose levels are low.
Glucagon
55
* Effects are hypoglycemic
Insulin
55
* Stimulates the liver to release glucose to
blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels
Glucagon
55
Stimulate the development of
secondary female characteristics.
ESTROGENS
55
* Mature the female reproductive organs.
ESTROGENS
56
Acts with estrogen to bring about
the menstrual cycle.
PROGESTERONE
57
* Helps in the implantation of an
embryo in the uterus.
PROGESTERONE
57
* Helps prepare breasts for lactation.
PROGESTERONE
57
Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy.
PLACENTA
58
* Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby.
PLACENTA
59
* PLACENTA Produces __ in addition to estrogen, progesterone,
and other hormones.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
60
* ____ prepares the
breasts for lactation.
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
61
* relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic
symphysis for childbirth
Relaxin
61
Decreasing function of female ovaries at
menopause leads to such symptoms
osteoporosis, increased chance of heart
disease, and possible mood changes
61
Efficiency of all endocrine glands gradually
decreases with aging, which leads to a
generalized increase in incidence of:
⚬ Diabetes mellitus.
⚬ Immune system depression.
⚬ Lower metabolic rate.
⚬ Cancerrates in some areas
62
* Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding
OXYTOCIN
62
* Causes milk ejection in a nursing
woman
OXYTOCIN
62
* Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
62
* Causes vasoconstriction (large amounts) leading to increased blood pressure. Also known as vasopressin
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
62
* Stimulates bone growth and tissue
* Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
* Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
GROWTH HORMONE
62
Control sexual function and production of sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
62
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
THYROTROPIC HORMONE
62
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
62
* Major metabolic hormone
THYROID HORMONE
62
* Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy
THYROID HORMONE
62
* Needed for tissue growth and development
THYROID HORMONE
62
* Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroxine (4) -secreted by thyroid follicle
Triiodothyronine (3) - conversion of T4 at
target tissues
THYROID HORMONE
62
* Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone
CALCITONIN
63
* Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
CALCITONIN
63
* Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles
CALCITONIN
