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1.1 ANAPHY > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

These hormones are released into , which connects

A

portal circulation, hypothalamus to anterior pituitary.

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2
Q

Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

PINEAL GLAND

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3
Q

Found at the base of the
throat, inferior to the Adam’s
apple

A

Thyroid Gland

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4
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

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5
Q

Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the
sternum.

A

THYMUS

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6
Q

Siton top of the kidneys

A

ADRENAL GLAND

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7
Q

Located in the abdomen, close to stomach.
* Mixed gland, with both endocrine and
exocrine functions.

A

PANCREAS

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8
Q

Male gonads
suspended outside the
pelvic cavity.
* Produce sperm. * Produce androgens,
such as testosterone

A

TESTES

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9
Q

Female gonads located in the
pelvic cavity
* Produce eggs
* Producetwo groups of steroid
hormones:
⚬ Estrogens
⚬ Progesterone

A

OVARIES

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10
Q

Hormones are classified chemically

A

Amino acid–based, which includes:
* Proteins
* Peptides
* Amines
Steroids—made from cholesterol
Prostaglandins—made from highly
active lipids that act as local hormones

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11
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by

A

negative feedback.

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12
Q

A _____ in the blood trigger the release of more hormone.

A

stimulus or low hormone levels

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13
Q

The stimuli that activate
endocrine glands fall into three
major categories

A
  1. Hormonal
    2.Humoral
    3.Neural
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14
Q

Hormones of the
hypothalamus stimulate
the anterior pituitary to
secrete its hormones

A

HORMONAL

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15
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release.

A

Humoral

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16
Q
  • indicates various body fluids,
    such as blood and bile.
A

Humoral

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17
Q
  • Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels
A

Humoral

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18
Q
  • Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels
A

Humoral

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19
Q
  • Nerve fibers stimulate
    hormone release.
A

Neural stimuli

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19
Q
  • Most are under the control of
    the sympathetic nervous system.
A

Neural stimuli

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20
Q

PURELY ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS

A

Anterior pituitary,thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids

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20
Q
  • Sympathetic stimulation of
    the adrenal medulla to
    release epinephrine and
    norepinephrine
A

Neural stimuli

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21
Q

Endocrine glands are

A

ductless glands.

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22
Q

Hormones are released directly into

A

blood or lymph

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23
Q

mixed glands

A

pancreas, gonads

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23
Q

Hypothalamus produces

A

releasing hormones
and inhibiting hormones

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24
Q

These hormones are released into _ , which connects

A

portal circulation, hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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24
Q

Hypothalamus also makes two hormones:

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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25
Q
  • results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood.
A

Pituitary dwarfism

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26
Q

Carried to posterior pituitary via
neurosecretory cells for storage

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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26
Q

The posterior pituitary
does not produce its
own hormones; instead,
it stores two
hormones——that are
produced by neurons in
the hypothalamus

A

vasopressin
and oxytocin

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27
Q
  • results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood.
A

Gigantism

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28
Q
  • results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
A

Acromegaly

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29
Q

Believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle

A

MELATONIN

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30
Q
  • Believed to coordinate the hormones of
    fertility in humans and to inhibit the
    reproductive system until maturity occurs
A

MELATONIN

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31
Q

Consists of two lobes and a
connecting isthmus.

A

THYROID GLAND

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32
Q
  • Follicles are hollow structures
    that store colloidal material.
A

THYROID GLAND

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33
Q
  • THYROID GLAND Produces two hormones:
A

Thyroid hormone
⚬ Calcitonin

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34
Q

predominant inhibitor of TSH secretion

A

T3

35
Q

When T4 enters the circulation, it gets converted to
T3 through the process of

A

deiodination

36
Q
  • Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
  • Results in dwarfism during childhood.
A

Cretinism

36
Q
  • Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine.
  • Salt is iodized to prevent THIS.
A

Goiters

37
Q
  • Caused by hypothyroidism in adults.
  • Results in physical and mental sluggishness.
A

Myxedema

38
Q
  • Caused by hyperthyroidism.
  • Results in increased metabolism, heat
    intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and
    exophthalmos
A

Graves’ disease

39
Q

Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+)
homeostasis of the blood

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

⚬ Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from
bone.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

41
Q

⚬ Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium
levels).

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

42
Q

⚬ Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb
more calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

43
Q

Largest in infants and children.

A

THYMUS

44
Q
  • Decreases in size throughout adulthood.
A

THYMUS

45
Q
  • THYMUS Produces a hormone called .
A

Thymosin

46
Q

⚬ Matures some types of white blood cells.

A

Thymosin

46
Q

⚬ Important in developing the immune system

A

Thymosin

47
Q

⚬ Regulate mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly
sodium and potassium ions.

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone

48
Q

⚬ Regulate water and electrolyte balance.

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone

49
Q

⚬ Target organ is the kidney

A

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone

49
Q

Release of aldosterone is stimulated by:

A

Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassiumions in the blood).
⚬ Hormonal stimulation (ACTH).
⚬ Renin and angiotensin II

50
Q

Aldosterone production is inhibited by ___, a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high

A

atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP),

51
Q

⚬ Promote normal cell metabolism.

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

52
Q

⚬ Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone).

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

52
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medulla Produces two similar hormones(catecholamines):

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
⚬ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline

52
Q

⚬ Anti-inflammatory properties.

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

52
Q

⚬ Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

53
Q

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short- term stress (fight or flight) by:
⚬ Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels.
⚬ Dilating small passage ways of lungs

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
⚬ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline

54
Q

the regions of the pancreas that contain its
endocrine (hormone-producing) cells: Insulin—produced by beta cells.
⚬ Glucagon—produced by alpha cells
These hormones are antagonists that maintain
blood sugar homeostasis

A

Pancreatic Islets or islets of Langerhans

55
Q

Releasedwhen blood glucose levels are high.

A

Insulin

55
Q
  • Increases the rate of glucose uptake and
    metabolism by body cells.
A

Insulin

55
Q
  • Released when blood glucose levels are low.
A

Glucagon

55
Q
  • Effects are hypoglycemic
A

Insulin

55
Q
  • Stimulates the liver to release glucose to
    blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels
A

Glucagon

55
Q

Stimulate the development of
secondary female characteristics.

A

ESTROGENS

55
Q
  • Mature the female reproductive organs.
A

ESTROGENS

56
Q

Acts with estrogen to bring about
the menstrual cycle.

A

PROGESTERONE

57
Q
  • Helps in the implantation of an
    embryo in the uterus.
A

PROGESTERONE

57
Q
  • Helps prepare breasts for lactation.
A

PROGESTERONE

57
Q

Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy.

A

PLACENTA

58
Q
  • Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby.
A

PLACENTA

59
Q
  • PLACENTA Produces __ in addition to estrogen, progesterone,
    and other hormones.
A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

60
Q
  • ____ prepares the
    breasts for lactation.
A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

61
Q
  • relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic
    symphysis for childbirth
A

Relaxin

61
Q

Decreasing function of female ovaries at
menopause leads to such symptoms

A

osteoporosis, increased chance of heart
disease, and possible mood changes

61
Q

Efficiency of all endocrine glands gradually
decreases with aging, which leads to a
generalized increase in incidence of:

A

⚬ Diabetes mellitus.
⚬ Immune system depression.
⚬ Lower metabolic rate.
⚬ Cancerrates in some areas

62
Q
  • Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding
A

OXYTOCIN

62
Q
  • Causes milk ejection in a nursing
woman
A

OXYTOCIN

62
Q
  • Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

62
Q
  • Causes vasoconstriction (large amounts) leading to increased blood pressure. Also known as vasopressin
A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

62
Q
  • Stimulates bone growth and tissue
  • Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
  • Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
A

GROWTH HORMONE

62
Q

Control sexual function and production of sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone

A

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

62
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

THYROTROPIC HORMONE

62
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC

62
Q
  • Major metabolic hormone
A

THYROID HORMONE

62
Q
  • Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy
A

THYROID HORMONE

62
Q
  • Needed for tissue growth and development
A

THYROID HORMONE

62
Q
  • Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroxine (4) -secreted by thyroid follicle
Triiodothyronine (3) - conversion of T4 at
target tissues
A

THYROID HORMONE

62
Q
  • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone
A

CALCITONIN

63
Q
  • Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
A

CALCITONIN

63
Q
  • Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles
A

CALCITONIN

1.1 ANAPHY (8 decks)

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