ENDOCRINE Flashcards
These hormones are released into , which connects
portal circulation, hypothalamus to anterior pituitary.
Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
PINEAL GLAND
Found at the base of the
throat, inferior to the Adam’s
apple
Thyroid Gland
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
PARATHYROID GLAND
Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the
sternum.
THYMUS
Siton top of the kidneys
ADRENAL GLAND
Located in the abdomen, close to stomach.
* Mixed gland, with both endocrine and
exocrine functions.
PANCREAS
Male gonads
suspended outside the
pelvic cavity.
* Produce sperm. * Produce androgens,
such as testosterone
TESTES
Female gonads located in the
pelvic cavity
* Produce eggs
* Producetwo groups of steroid
hormones:
⚬ Estrogens
⚬ Progesterone
OVARIES
Hormones are classified chemically
Amino acid–based, which includes:
* Proteins
* Peptides
* Amines
Steroids—made from cholesterol
Prostaglandins—made from highly
active lipids that act as local hormones
Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by
negative feedback.
A _____ in the blood trigger the release of more hormone.
stimulus or low hormone levels
The stimuli that activate
endocrine glands fall into three
major categories
- Hormonal
2.Humoral
3.Neural
Hormones of the
hypothalamus stimulate
the anterior pituitary to
secrete its hormones
HORMONAL
Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release.
Humoral
- indicates various body fluids,
such as blood and bile.
Humoral
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels
Humoral
- Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels
Humoral
- Nerve fibers stimulate
hormone release.
Neural stimuli
- Most are under the control of
the sympathetic nervous system.
Neural stimuli
PURELY ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
Anterior pituitary,thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids
- Sympathetic stimulation of
the adrenal medulla to
release epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Neural stimuli
Endocrine glands are
ductless glands.
Hormones are released directly into
blood or lymph
mixed glands
pancreas, gonads
Hypothalamus produces
releasing hormones
and inhibiting hormones
These hormones are released into _ , which connects
portal circulation, hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus also makes two hormones:
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
- results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood.
Pituitary dwarfism
Carried to posterior pituitary via
neurosecretory cells for storage
HYPOTHALAMUS
The posterior pituitary
does not produce its
own hormones; instead,
it stores two
hormones——that are
produced by neurons in
the hypothalamus
vasopressin
and oxytocin
- results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood.
Gigantism
- results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
Believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle
MELATONIN
- Believed to coordinate the hormones of
fertility in humans and to inhibit the
reproductive system until maturity occurs
MELATONIN
Consists of two lobes and a
connecting isthmus.
THYROID GLAND
- Follicles are hollow structures
that store colloidal material.
THYROID GLAND
- THYROID GLAND Produces two hormones:
Thyroid hormone
⚬ Calcitonin
predominant inhibitor of TSH secretion
T3
When T4 enters the circulation, it gets converted to
T3 through the process of
deiodination
- Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
- Results in dwarfism during childhood.
Cretinism
- Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine.
- Salt is iodized to prevent THIS.
Goiters
- Caused by hypothyroidism in adults.
- Results in physical and mental sluggishness.
Myxedema
- Caused by hyperthyroidism.
- Results in increased metabolism, heat
intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and
exophthalmos
Graves’ disease
Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+)
homeostasis of the blood
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
⚬ Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from
bone.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
⚬ Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium
levels).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
⚬ Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb
more calcium
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Largest in infants and children.
THYMUS
- Decreases in size throughout adulthood.
THYMUS
- THYMUS Produces a hormone called .
Thymosin
⚬ Matures some types of white blood cells.
Thymosin
⚬ Important in developing the immune system
Thymosin
⚬ Regulate mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly
sodium and potassium ions.
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone
⚬ Regulate water and electrolyte balance.
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone
⚬ Target organ is the kidney
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone
Release of aldosterone is stimulated by:
Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassiumions in the blood).
⚬ Hormonal stimulation (ACTH).
⚬ Renin and angiotensin II
Aldosterone production is inhibited by ___, a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high
atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP),
⚬ Promote normal cell metabolism.
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
⚬ Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone).
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
Hormones of the adrenal medulla Produces two similar hormones(catecholamines):
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
⚬ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline
⚬ Anti-inflammatory properties.
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
⚬ Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH
Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short- term stress (fight or flight) by:
⚬ Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels.
⚬ Dilating small passage ways of lungs
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
⚬ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline
the regions of the pancreas that contain its
endocrine (hormone-producing) cells: Insulin—produced by beta cells.
⚬ Glucagon—produced by alpha cells
These hormones are antagonists that maintain
blood sugar homeostasis
Pancreatic Islets or islets of Langerhans
Releasedwhen blood glucose levels are high.
Insulin
- Increases the rate of glucose uptake and
metabolism by body cells.
Insulin
- Released when blood glucose levels are low.
Glucagon
- Effects are hypoglycemic
Insulin
- Stimulates the liver to release glucose to
blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Stimulate the development of
secondary female characteristics.
ESTROGENS
- Mature the female reproductive organs.
ESTROGENS
Acts with estrogen to bring about
the menstrual cycle.
PROGESTERONE
- Helps in the implantation of an
embryo in the uterus.
PROGESTERONE
- Helps prepare breasts for lactation.
PROGESTERONE
Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy.
PLACENTA
- Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby.
PLACENTA
- PLACENTA Produces __ in addition to estrogen, progesterone,
and other hormones.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- ____ prepares the
breasts for lactation.
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
- relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic
symphysis for childbirth
Relaxin
Decreasing function of female ovaries at
menopause leads to such symptoms
osteoporosis, increased chance of heart
disease, and possible mood changes
Efficiency of all endocrine glands gradually
decreases with aging, which leads to a
generalized increase in incidence of:
⚬ Diabetes mellitus.
⚬ Immune system depression.
⚬ Lower metabolic rate.
⚬ Cancerrates in some areas
- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding
OXYTOCIN
- Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
OXYTOCIN
- Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
- Causes vasoconstriction (large amounts) leading to increased blood pressure. Also known as vasopressin
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
- Stimulates bone growth and tissue
- Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
- Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
GROWTH HORMONE
Control sexual function and production of sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
THYROTROPIC HORMONE
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
- Major metabolic hormone
THYROID HORMONE
- Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy
THYROID HORMONE
- Needed for tissue growth and development
THYROID HORMONE
- Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine (4) -secreted by thyroid follicle Triiodothyronine (3) - conversion of T4 at target tissues
THYROID HORMONE
- Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone
CALCITONIN
- Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
CALCITONIN
- Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles
CALCITONIN