DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards by Sandejo Alyssa

 —taking in food
- mouth to esophagus

INGESTION

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 —breaking food into nutrient molecules
- mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

DIGESTION

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continuous, coiled, hollow tub that runs through the ventral cavity from
stomach to anu

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI
tract)—

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 Include teeth, tongue, and several large digestive
organs
 Assist digestion in various way

Accessory digestive organs

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 —excretes to rid the body of
indigestible waste
- rectum to anuS

DEFECATION

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 —movement of nutrients into the
bloodstream
- small intestine: nutrient - large intestine: water

ABSORPTION

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ALIMENTARY CANAL

Mouth
 Pharynx
 Esophagus (MAPLESS)
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Large intestine
 Anu
MPESSLA

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 Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
About 10 inches long

ESOPHAGUS

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 Passageway for food only (respiratory system
branches off after the pharynx)

ESOPHAGUS

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Innermost, moist membrane consisting of:
 Surface epithelium

MUCOSA

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 Food passes from the mouth posteriorly into the:

 Oropharynx—posterior to oral cavity
 Laryngopharynx—below the oropharynx and
continuous with the esophagus

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 Mucosa in the stomach and intestine

absorbs and
secretes

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Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) to the stomach

ESOPHAGUS

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 Lines the cavity (known as the LUMEN

MUCOSA

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Serves as a passageway for foods, fluids, and air

PHARYNX

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Mucosa in mouth and esophagus:

resist abrasions

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 Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve
endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and
lymphatic vessel
 Just beneath the mucosa

Submucosa

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 For movement and secretion of the tract
 Inner circular layer
 Outer longitudinal layer

Muscularis externa—smooth muscle

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contains fluid-producing cells of SEROSA

 Visceral peritoneum—innermost layer that is
continuous with the outermost layer
 Parietal peritoneum—outermost layer that lines the
abdominopelvic cavity by way of the mesentery

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—outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid-producing cells

Serosa

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 C-shaped organ located on the left side of the
abdominal cavity

Stomach

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—travels down the left side

 Descending

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 Food enters at the ___
from the esophagus

cardio esophageal sphincter Stomach

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 —expanded portion lateral to the cardiac
region

Fundus

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produce mucus and protects stomach lining

Surface mucous cells-

 Food empties into the small intestine at the ____ (valve

pyloric sphincter Stomach

internal folds of the mucosa present when the stomach is empt

Rugae—

 Body—midportion  Greater curvature is the ____  Lesser curvature is the ____

convex lateral surface concave medial surface

—near the heart and surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter

Cardial (cardia)

 Double layer of the peritoneum  Extends from liver to the lesser curvature of sto

Lesser omentum VENTRAL MESENTERY

—funnel-shaped terminal end

Pylorus

produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

 Chief cells—

produce thin acidic mucus (different from the mucus produced by mucous cells of the mucosa)

 Mucous neck cells—

produce local hormones such as gastrin

 Enteroendocrine cells—

 Temporary storage tank and a mixing chamber of food  Site of food breakdown  Chemical breakdown of protein begins (pepsin)  Delivers chyme (processed food) to the sm

STOMACH

Fat insulates, cushions, and protects abdominal organs  Another extension of the peritoneum  Covers the abdominal organs

Greater omentum DORSAL MESENTERY

produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes

 Parietal cells—

—S-shaped region; enters the pelvis

 Sigmoid

 Larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 1.5 m, than the small intestine  Extends from the ileocecal valve to t

Large Intestine

 Collections of lymphatic tissue  Located in submucosa  Increase in number toward the end of the small intestine  More are needed there because remaining food residue contains

Peyer’s patches

saclike first part of the large intestine

 Cecum

—travels up right side of abdomen and makes a turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure

 Ascending

 Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve  Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesenterY

SMALL INTESTINE

The body’s major digestive organ  Longest portion of the alimentary tube (2–4 m, or 7–13 feet, in a living person)  Site of nutrient absorption into the blood

SMALL INTESTINE

 opening of the large intestine

Anus—

 Hangs from the cecum  Accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)

 Appendix

—travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left colic (splenic) flexure

 Transverse

 These sphincters are normally closed except during ___  The large intestine delivers indigestible food residues to the body’s exterior

defecation

 formed by smooth muscle and is involuntary

Internal anal sphincter—

Gastrin Stomach

* Stimulates release of gastric juice * Stimulates stomach emptying

 formed by skeletal muscle and is voluntary

External anal sphincter—

Intestinal gastrin Duodenum

* Stimulates gastric secretion and emptying

Somatostatin Stomach and duodenum

* Inhibits secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice * Inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder

Histamine Stomach

* Activates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid

Secretin Duodenum

* Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions * Increases bile output by liver * Inhibits gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion

Cholecystokinin (CCK) Duodenum

* Increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice * Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile * Relaxes sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP

* Inhibits secretion of gastric juice * Stimulates insulin release