NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards by Sandejo Alyssa

external and internal
stimuli

Receiving sensory input

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Processed by the spinal
cord and brain from the
sensory input

Integration

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generates response from
the stimuli by sending
signals to muscles and
glands

Control motor output

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Maintain a constant
internal environment

Homeostasis

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receives and transmits signals
called action potential
most neurons are amitotics
high metabolic rate

NEURONS

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sensory or afferent neuron (to CNS)
found in peripheral nervous system

UNIPOLAR

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center of consciousness,
memory and thinking

Mental activity

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found in eyes and nose or sensory organs

BIPOLAR

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motor or efferent neurons (from cns)
found in central nervous systems

MULTIPOLAR

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Also called as neuroglia that provide
support and protection for neurons
in the nervous system
found in CNS and PNS

GLIAL CELSS

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interpret sensory information and issue instructions based
on past experience and current conditions

CNS

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communicates with cns by linking impulses from sensory
receptors to CNS and by carrying information from the
CNS to muscles and glands

PNS

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production and movement of csf
cushions the cns
found in ventricles and canals of the
cns

EPENDYMAL CELLS

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most abundant
regulate neuronal communication
maintain blood brain barrier
helps limit damage to neuronal tissues
assist in repair after a cns injury

ASTROCYTES

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wrap and insulate neurons that form the
myelin sheaths

OLIGODENDROCYTES

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resident immune cells of the cns
removes cell debris or damaged neurons
and pathogens

MICROGLIA

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single cells surrounding cell
bodies

satelitte

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single cells surrounding axons

schwann cells

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form myelin sheaths around
axons or enclose
UNmyelinated axons in PNS

schwann cells

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support neurons, providing
nutrients; protect neurons from
heavy metal poisons.

satelitte

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it is the junction or connection between
two neurons such as muscle or gland cell.
allows electrical or chemical transmission
from one cell to another.

SYNAPSE

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occurs during signal or impulse transmission to the
other neurons
it is a change in the electrical charge of a cell
membrane

ACTION POTENTIAL

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typically other
neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells

POSTSYNAPTIC TERMINAL:

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release
neurotransmitters.

PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL:

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Long tubular bundle of nervous tissue; protected by bony vertebral column, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to lumbar region

receive infos from brain’s motor cortex to skeletal muscles for voluntary movement

Anterior or ventral horns:

the spinal cord is consists of; afferent, efferent fibers

WHITE MATTER;

the spinal cord is consists of; has collection of neuron cell bodies

GRAY MATTER;

take sensory information, and sends it to brain’s sensory cortex

Posterior or dorsal horns:

help regulate processes like urination, digestion, heart rate (sns

Lateral horns:

main components OF DIENCEPHALON;

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

responsible for coordinating, planning, executing movements; balance and posture

CEREBELLUM

found between the brainstem and cerebrum

DIENCEPHALON

the largest and relay station

1.THALAMUS:

involved in emotional and intuitive response

EPITHALAMUS:

homeostasis center,control body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal behaviors

HYPOTHALAMUS:

largest part of brain has left and right hemispheres

CEREBRUM

each hemisphere is divided into lobes

FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL

sensory speech area in parietal lobe

Wernicke area

motor speech area in frontal lobe

Broca area

protection of the central nervous system fluid- filled cavities

VENTRICLES

damage to speech area

*aphasia-

protection of the central nervous system

1.MENIGES a. Dura Mater; outermost layer b.Arachnoid Mater; middle layer c.Pia Mater; innermost layer

found in crebral hemisphere

a. Lateral ventricle;

at the base of cerebellum and central canal in the spinal cord

c. Fourth ventricle;

found in diencephalon

b. Third ventricle;

clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows around the brain and spinal cord

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

provides a protective cushion to the CNS

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

MOTOR DIVISION TYPES

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ENTERIC NS

efferent; away from the CNS

MOTOR DIVISION

2 DIVISIONS; ANS

sympathetic nervous system (SNS) parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

examples; ENS

peristalsis, secretions, stretching of digestive tract

PERIpheral NERVOUS SYSTEM afferent; toward the CNS

protects against shock or head injury

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

neuron endings that detects the external and internal stimuli distributed all around the body

sensory receptors

- are means by which brain receives information about the environment and the body.

SENSES

- the process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors and perception.

SENSATION

have receptors distributed over a large part of the body. divided into two groups;

THE GENERAL SENSES SOMATIC SENSES and VISCERAL SENSES

provide sensory information about the body (skin, muscle, bone, joints) and the environment.

SOMATIC SENSES:

provide information about various internal organs (heart, lungs, stomach bladder), primarily involving pain and pressure.

VISCERAL SENSES:

referred to as “gut brain” due to it’s ability to function independently of the CNS

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

has complex network of neurons located in the walls of gastrointestinal tract

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

receptors are more specialized in structure ad are localized to specific parts of the body.

Special senses

smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance

- protects eyes from perspiration from forehead to eyes

Eyebrows

2.Eyelids -

palpebral fissure canthi medial canthus

- a thin mucous membrane, helps lubricate the surface of eyes.

Conjunctiva

- consist of lacrimal glands that produces tears lacrimal gland

4. Lacrimal apparatus

complete or partial absence of perception of one or more colors; red, green, blue

COLOR BLINDNESS

one pigment is dysfunctional and the other two is functional. (red- green color blindness

Dichromatism -

consist of 3 small bones or ossicles

MIDDLE EAR

consist of 3 small bones or ossicles MIDDLE EAR

Malleus/ Hammer Incus/ Anvil Stapes/ stirrup

as sound vibrations is transmitted mechanically though the ossicles, it is amplified 22 times

MIDDLE EAR

responsible for equalizing external and internal air pressure on the tympanic membrane

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli.

Reflexes

occur over neural pathways called reflex arcs.

Reflexes

Two types of reflexes

SOMATIC, AUTONOMIC

Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles

Somatic reflexes

Involuntary, although skeletal mmuscle is normally under voluntary control

Somatic reflexes

Example: pulling your hand away from a hot object.

Somatic reflexes

Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands.

Autonomic reflexes

Example: regulation of smooth smucles, heart and blood pressure, glands, digestive system.

Autonomic reflexes

Attached to the outside of the eyeball and enable the eyes to move in all directions of sight.

Extrinsic muscles of the eye

* Six extraocular eye muscles and one muscle that controls movement in the upper eyelid.

Extrinsic muscles of the eye Superior rectus - upward movement Inferior rectus downward movement Lateral rectus - outward movement Medial rectus - inward movement Superior oblique - downward and outward Inferior oblique - upward and outward

Are protection against invasion of microorganisms into the eye. Screening out damaging ultraviolet (UV) wavelength in sunlight.

Cornea

* It helps maintain your eyeball's shape, and protects it from injury.

Sclera

It is covered by conjunctiva, which are clear mucus membranes that lubricate (moisturize) your eye.

Sclera

Thin brown tissue Provides nutrients and oxygen to the retina.

Choroid

Thick tissue inside the eye composed of ciliary processes and muscles Continuous with the choroid behind and the iris in front

Ciliary body

* Colored portion of the eye positioned between the cornea and the lens

Iris

It converts light that enters into your eye into electrical signals your optic nerve sends to your brain which creates the images you see.

Retina

Thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue.

Retina

Two parts of RETINA

Macula retina Peripheral retina

(the center of your retina and processes most of what you're directly looking at)

Macula retina

(anything you can see that's not directly in front of where you're looking.)

Peripheral retina

A cloudy lens scatters light, causing "hazy" vision

CATARACT

Aqueous pressure build-up damages the optic nerve

GLAUCOMA