NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
external and internal
stimuli
Receiving sensory input
Processed by the spinal
cord and brain from the
sensory input
Integration
generates response from
the stimuli by sending
signals to muscles and
glands
Control motor output
Maintain a constant
internal environment
Homeostasis
receives and transmits signals
called action potential
most neurons are amitotics
high metabolic rate
NEURONS
sensory or afferent neuron (to CNS)
found in peripheral nervous system
UNIPOLAR
center of consciousness,
memory and thinking
Mental activity
found in eyes and nose or sensory organs
BIPOLAR
motor or efferent neurons (from cns)
found in central nervous systems
MULTIPOLAR
Also called as neuroglia that provide
support and protection for neurons
in the nervous system
found in CNS and PNS
GLIAL CELSS
interpret sensory information and issue instructions based
on past experience and current conditions
CNS
communicates with cns by linking impulses from sensory
receptors to CNS and by carrying information from the
CNS to muscles and glands
PNS
production and movement of csf
cushions the cns
found in ventricles and canals of the
cns
EPENDYMAL CELLS
most abundant
regulate neuronal communication
maintain blood brain barrier
helps limit damage to neuronal tissues
assist in repair after a cns injury
ASTROCYTES
wrap and insulate neurons that form the
myelin sheaths
OLIGODENDROCYTES
resident immune cells of the cns
removes cell debris or damaged neurons
and pathogens
MICROGLIA
single cells surrounding cell
bodies
satelitte
single cells surrounding axons
schwann cells
form myelin sheaths around
axons or enclose
UNmyelinated axons in PNS
schwann cells
support neurons, providing
nutrients; protect neurons from
heavy metal poisons.
satelitte
it is the junction or connection between
two neurons such as muscle or gland cell.
allows electrical or chemical transmission
from one cell to another.
SYNAPSE
occurs during signal or impulse transmission to the
other neurons
it is a change in the electrical charge of a cell
membrane
ACTION POTENTIAL
typically other
neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells
POSTSYNAPTIC TERMINAL:
release
neurotransmitters.
PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL:
Long tubular bundle of nervous
tissue; protected by bony vertebral column, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
SC
Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to lumbar region
SC
receive infos from brain’s motor cortex to skeletal
muscles for voluntary movement
Anterior or ventral horns:
the spinal cord is consists of;
afferent, efferent fibers
WHITE MATTER;
the spinal cord is consists of;
has collection of
neuron cell bodies
GRAY MATTER;
take sensory information, and sends it to brain’s
sensory cortex
Posterior or dorsal horns:
help regulate processes like urination, digestion, heart
rate (sns
Lateral horns:
main components OF DIENCEPHALON;
thalamus, epithalamus,
hypothalamus
responsible for coordinating,
planning, executing
movements; balance and
posture
CEREBELLUM
found between the brainstem and cerebrum
DIENCEPHALON
the largest and relay station
1.THALAMUS:
involved in emotional and
intuitive response
EPITHALAMUS:
homeostasis center,control body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal behaviors
HYPOTHALAMUS:
largest part of brain
has left and right
hemispheres
CEREBRUM
each hemisphere is divided
into lobes
FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL
sensory speech area in
parietal lobe
Wernicke area
motor speech area in
frontal lobe
Broca area
protection of the central nervous system
fluid- filled cavities
VENTRICLES
damage to speech
area
*aphasia-
protection of the central nervous system
1.MENIGES
a. Dura Mater; outermost layer
b.Arachnoid Mater; middle layer
c.Pia Mater; innermost layer
found in crebral hemisphere
a. Lateral ventricle;
at the base of cerebellum and central canal in the spinal cord
c. Fourth ventricle;
found in diencephalon
b. Third ventricle;
clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows around the brain and spinal cord
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
provides a protective cushion to
the CNS
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
MOTOR DIVISION TYPES
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENTERIC NS
efferent; away from the CNS
MOTOR DIVISION
2 DIVISIONS; ANS
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
examples; ENS
peristalsis, secretions, stretching of
digestive tract
PERIpheral NERVOUS SYSTEM
afferent; toward the CNS
protects against shock or head
injury
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
neuron endings that detects the external
and internal stimuli
distributed all around the body
sensory receptors
- are means by which brain receives information about the environment and the body.
SENSES
- the process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors and perception.
SENSATION
have receptors distributed over a large part of the body.
divided into two groups;
THE GENERAL SENSES
SOMATIC SENSES and VISCERAL SENSES
provide sensory information about the body (skin, muscle, bone, joints) and the environment.
SOMATIC SENSES:
provide information about various internal organs (heart, lungs, stomach bladder), primarily involving pain and pressure.
VISCERAL SENSES:
referred to as “gut brain” due to it’s ability to
function independently of the CNS
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
has complex network of neurons located in the
walls of gastrointestinal tract
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
receptors are more specialized in structure ad are localized to specific parts of the body.
Special senses
Special senses
smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance
- protects eyes from perspiration from forehead to eyes
Eyebrows
2.Eyelids -
palpebral fissure canthi
medial canthus
- a thin mucous membrane, helps lubricate the surface of eyes.
Conjunctiva
- consist of lacrimal glands that produces tears
lacrimal gland
- Lacrimal apparatus
complete or partial absence of perception of one or more colors; red, green, blue
COLOR BLINDNESS
one pigment is dysfunctional and the other two is functional. (red- green color blindness
Dichromatism -
consist of 3 small bones or ossicles
MIDDLE EAR
consist of 3 small bones or ossicles MIDDLE EAR
Malleus/ Hammer
Incus/ Anvil
Stapes/ stirrup
as sound vibrations is transmitted mechanically
though the ossicles, it is amplified 22 times
MIDDLE EAR
responsible for equalizing external and internal
air pressure on the tympanic membrane
Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli.
Reflexes
occur over neural pathways called reflex arcs.
Reflexes
Two types of reflexes
SOMATIC, AUTONOMIC
Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
Somatic reflexes
Involuntary, although skeletal mmuscle is normally under voluntary control
Somatic reflexes
Example: pulling your hand away from a hot object.
Somatic reflexes
Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands.
Autonomic reflexes
Example: regulation of smooth smucles, heart and blood pressure, glands, digestive system.
Autonomic reflexes
Attached to the outside of the eyeball and enable the eyes to move in all directions of sight.
Extrinsic muscles of the eye
- Six extraocular eye muscles and one muscle that controls movement in the upper eyelid.
Extrinsic muscles of the eye
Superior rectus - upward movement
Inferior rectus downward movement
Lateral rectus - outward movement
Medial rectus - inward movement
Superior oblique - downward and outward
Inferior oblique - upward and outward
Are protection against invasion of microorganisms into the eye.
Screening out damaging ultraviolet
(UV) wavelength in sunlight.
Cornea
- It helps maintain your eyeball’s shape, and protects it from injury.
Sclera
It is covered by conjunctiva, which are clear mucus membranes that lubricate (moisturize) your eye.
Sclera
Thin brown tissue
Provides nutrients and oxygen to the retina.
Choroid
Thick tissue inside the eye composed of ciliary processes and muscles
Continuous with the choroid behind and the iris in front
Ciliary body
- Colored portion of the eye positioned between the cornea and the lens
Iris
It converts light that enters into your eye into electrical signals your optic nerve sends to your brain which creates the images you see.
Retina
Thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue.
Retina
Two parts of RETINA
Macula retina
Peripheral retina
(the center of your retina and processes most of what you’re directly looking at)
Macula retina
(anything you can see that’s not directly in front of where you’re looking.)
Peripheral retina
A cloudy lens scatters light, causing “hazy” vision
CATARACT
Aqueous pressure build-up damages the optic nerve
GLAUCOMA
