LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Question 1

originate as small, dead-end tubes
called lymphatic capillaries

Answer 1

Lymphatic vessels

Question 2

The unidirectional valves divide lymphatic vessels
into a series of chambers, which function as “primitive
hearts.
” Lymph moves into a chamber, smooth muscle in
the chamber wall contracts, and lymph moves into the
next chambe

Answer 2

1.Contraction oflymphatic vessels

Question 2

Form a one-way system

Answer 2

Lymphatic vessels

Question 3

Excess fluid passes through the tissue spaces and
enters lymphatic capillaries to become lymph.

Question 4

flows only toward the heart

Answer 4

Lymph

Question 5

lymphatic vessels
are compressed, causing lymph to mov

Answer 5

2.Contraction of skeleta

Question 6

During inspiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases,
lymphatic vessels expand, and lymph flows into them. During
expiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity increases, and
lymphatic vessels are compressed, causing lymph to

Answer 6

Thoracic pressure changes

Question 7

Are round, oval, or bean-shaped structures ranging from 1mm to 25mm long. It is distributed along the various lymphatic vessels.

Answer 7

Lymph nodes

Question 8

After passing through the lymph nodes, the lymphatic vessels converge to form larger vessels called ___, each of which drains lymph from a major portion of the body

Answer 8

lymphatic trunks

Question 8

filter lymph before it is returned to the blood

Answer 8

Lymph nodes

Question 9

engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and
other foreign substances in lymph

Answer 9

1. Macrophages -

Question 10

respond to foreign substances

Answer 10

2. Lymphocytes -

Question 11

Contains phagocytic macrophages

Answer 11

Medulla inner part

Question 11

Contains follicles- collections of
lymphocytes
Germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells

Answer 11

1. Cortex (outerpart)

Question 12

Jugular trunks drain lymph from the head and neck

Question 13

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the upper limbs, superficial
thoracic wall, and mammary glands

Question 14

Bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from the thoracic
organs and the deep thoracic wall

Question 14

Intestinal trunks drain lymph from abdominal organs, such as the intestines, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and liver

Question 15

Lymphatic ducts -large veins in the thorax or join to yet larger
vessels which then connect to the large veins

Question 16

Right lymphatic duct -joins a right thoracic vein, it drain lymph from
the right side of the head, upper-right limb, and right thorax

Question 16

Thoracic duct -drains lymph from the right side of the body inferior
to the thorax and the entire left side of the body

Question 16

Cisterna chyli -is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct
which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic
trunks flow

Question 17

When the body is exposed to microorganisms or other foreign substances, the lymphocytes _____ that destroys microorganisms and foreign
substances

Answer 17

divide, increase in number, and become
part of the immune response

Question 17

Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding
the pharynx (throat)

Answer 17

Tonsils

Question 17

Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens

Answer 17

Tonsils

Question 18

Tonsillitis results when the tonsils become congested with bacteria Three groups of tonsil: 1.Palatine tonsils 2.Pharyngeal tonsil 3.Lingual tonsi

Question 18

Destroys worn-out blood cells

Answer 18

SPLEEN

Question 18

Located on the left side of the abdomen

Answer 18

SPLEEN

Question 18

Filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, debris

Answer 18

SPLEEN

Question 19

Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

Answer 19

SPLEEN

Question 19

Forms blood cells in the fetus Only lymphoid organ that primarily filters blood

Answer 19

SPLEEN

Question 19

Found in the superior mediastinum, the partition dividing the thoracic cavity into the left and right parts.

Answer 19

THYMUS

Question 20

Critically important to the immune system which serves as the body's defense mechanism providing surveillance and protection against diverse pathogens, tumors, antigens and mediators of tissue damage

Answer 20

THYMUS

Question 21

Found in the wall of the small intestine

Answer 21

Peyer's patches

Question 22

a hormone secreted by the thymus, is important in the T-cell maturation process

Answer 22

Thymosin -

Question 22

Protect the digestive system against harmful pathogens

Answer 22

Peyer's patches

Question 22

Macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

Answer 22

Peyer's patches

Question 23

Act as immunosurveillance, which activates appropriate immune response to protect the body.

Answer 23

Peyer's patches

Question 23

Specific defense is required for each type of invader

Answer 23

Adaptive (specific) defense system

Question 24

The ability to resist damage from foreign substances, such as microorganisms; harmful chemicals, such as toxins released by microorganisms; and internal threats, such as cancer cells

Answer 24

IMMUNITY

Question 24

Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders

Answer 24

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

Question 25

Fights invaders that get past the innate system

Answer 25

Adaptive (specific) defense system

Question 26

Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials

Answer 26

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

Question 26

The highly specific resistance to disease is immunity

Answer 26

Adaptive (specific) defense system

Question 27

is a complex sequence of events involving many of the chemical mediators and cells of innate immunit

Answer 27

inflammatory response

Question 28

Bacteria enter the tissue, causing damage that stimulates the release or activation of chemical mediators, such as histamine, complement, kinins, and eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins and leukotrien

Answer 28

inflammatory response

Question 29

are large groups of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue located deep to the mucous membranes within the pharynx (throat; figure 22.5). The tonsils protect against bacteria and other potentially harmful material entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity. In adults, the tonsils decrease in size and eventually may disappear.

Answer 29

Tonsils

Question 29

Rubor (Redness) Tumor (Swelling) Calor (Heat) Dolor (Pain) Functio laesa (Loss of function

Question 30

They are relatively large, oval, lymphatic masses on each side of the junction between the oral cavity and the pharynx

Answer 30

palatine tonsils.

Question 30

is a collection of somewhat closely aggregated lymphatic nodules near the junction between the nasal cavity and the pharynx

Answer 30

pharyngeal tonsil

Question 31

is a loosely associated collection of lymphatic nodules on the posterior surface of the tongue

Answer 31

lingual tonsil

Question 32

A dense connective tissue capsule surrounds each lymph node

Question 33

Extensions of the capsule, called _______ form a delicate internal skeleton in the lymph node.

Answer 33

trabeculae

Question 33

In some areas of the lymph node, lymphocytes and macrophages are packed around the reticular fibers to form lymphatic tissue; in other areas, the reticular fibers extend across open spaces to form

Answer 33

lymphatic sinuses.

Question 34

The consists of a subcapsular sinus, beneath the capsule, and cortical sinuses, which are separated by diffuse lymphatic tissue, trabeculae, and lymphatic nodules

Answer 34

outer cortex

Question 34

The ____is organized into branching, irregular strands of diffuse lymphatic tissue, called the _____, separated by medullary sinuses.

Answer 34

inner medulla medullary cords

Question 34

is a soft organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that curls around the anterolateral aspect of the stomach.

Answer 34

spleen

Question 35

to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of their breakdown products to the liver

Question 36

which functions at peak level only during youth, is a lymphoid mass found in the anterior mediastinum overlying the heart

Answer 36

thymus,

Question 37

acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities

Answer 37

MALT