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Biology Exam 4 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

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1
Q

breaking down
food into smaller components

A

digestion

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2
Q

transferring the
broken down products into the
bloodstream

A

absorption

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3
Q

what two activities take place for us to get nutrients from the environment

A

-digestion
-absorption

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4
Q

what are the three distinctive parts of the digestive tracts

A

-foregut
-midgut
-hindgut

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5
Q

includes:
Mouth
esophagus
stomach (or crop)

A

Foregut

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6
Q

Digestion begins in the ________

A

mouth

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7
Q

breakdown carbs

A

amylase

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8
Q

breakdown lipids

A

lipase

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9
Q

connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the throat

A

pharynx

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10
Q

which prevents
food / water from entering the
trachea

A

epiglottis

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11
Q

connects pharynx to stomach

A

esophagus

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12
Q

what do birds, crocodilians and earthworms have that helps break down food into smaller pieces

A

gizzard

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13
Q

hormone that regulates
stomach acid production;
controlled by a negative feedback
loop

A

gastrin

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14
Q

how does the stomach protect itself from the acid

A

-cells of the stomach lining secrete mucus to create a barrier to the acid
-digestive enzymes are secreted in an inactive form that is activated by the stomach acid

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15
Q

what is the main site of protein and lipid breakdown

A

Stomach which is located in the foregut

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16
Q

What is the primary digestive enzyme in the stomach

A

pepsin

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17
Q

Secreted as inactivated
pepsinogen
* Breaks down proteins into amino acids
-Lipases are also secreted, which break down lipids

A

pepsin

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18
Q

Food in various stages of digestion is physically moved through the stomach by_______

A

peristalsis

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19
Q

waves of contraction and
relaxation by smooth muscle
surrounding the organ

A

peristalsis

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20
Q

Chime

A

undigested food

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21
Q

where is chime moved too

A

the pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

a muscular ring that opens to the small intestine.
-There partially digested food moves out of the foregut and into the midgut

A

the pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

The first part of the midgut is the_________

A

duodenum

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24
Q

the duodenum is aided by the what

A

gallbladder and pancreas

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25
Q

________secretes
bicarbonate to neutralize
stomach acid, and digestive
enzymes, including trypsin

A

pancreas

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26
Q

breaks down proteins

A

trypsin

27
Q

Bicarb release is controlled
by the hormone _________,
which are released when the
pH drops in the duodenum

A

secretin

28
Q

Stores bile, which is made by
the liver, and breaks up fats
into smaller droplets in a
process called emulsification

A

gallbladder

29
Q

Bile release is controlled by the
hormone _________ which is released when
fats enter the duodenum

A

cholecystokinin
(CCK),

30
Q

Covered with folds and finger-
like projections called villi

A

small intestine

31
Q

absorb nutrients from the liquid mixture called chyme produced in the stomach from the food we eat

A

villi

32
Q

to increase the surface area in order to absorb more nutrients.

A

microvilli

33
Q
  • Glucose (and other hydrophilic nutrients) are co-transported into the intestinal cells with Na+
  • Passive glucose transport proteins then facilitate the movement of glucose into the
    blood stream in an adjacent capillary
    *Hydrophobic nutrients, like fats, passively move through the intestinal cell membranes, and eventually bind with molecules to make them water soluble as they reach the blood in the capillary
A

Small intestine

34
Q

Absorption of water
* Absorption of inorganic
nutrients (minerals)
* Elimination of waste (feces)

A

Large intestine

35
Q

balancing water and
solutes within the body
* Elimination of nitrogenous
waste products

A

osmoregulation

36
Q

dissolved molecules (electrolytes, sugars, etc.)

A

solutes

37
Q

diffusion of water

A

osmosis

38
Q

the tendency of water to move from
one area to another. The greater the difference in solute
concentration, the higher the pressure is for water to
move towards the solutes

A

osmotic pressure

39
Q

a membrane that allows some
molecules through it, but not others. Membranes are often
water permeable.

A

selectively permeable

40
Q

channels in a lipid bilayer membrane that
allow water to move through it.

A

aquaporins

41
Q

Keep
internal fluids at the same
osmotic pressure of the
environment

A

Osmoconformers

42
Q

Maintain
internal fluids at a stable
osmotic pressure that is
distinct from that of the
environment

A

Osmoregulators

43
Q

When proteins and nucleic
acids are broken down,
________ is produced

A

ammonia (NH3)

44
Q

What are the different ways different organisms deal with ammonia production

A

-filtration
-secretion
-reabsorption

45
Q

most toxic, requires
high volumes of water

A

Ammonia

46
Q

less toxic, but requires
energy to produce and water to
eliminate

A

Urea

47
Q

Least toxic,
energetically most expensive

A

Uric Acid

48
Q

blood is passed into an
extracellular space, but some substances are prevented from returning to a blood

A

filtration

49
Q

active transport of substances
from blood into an extracellular space

A

secretion

50
Q

process by which
essential molecules are transported back
into blood after filtration

A

reabsorption

51
Q

What organ:
Filter nitrogenous waste
* Help regulate blood
pressure / blood volume

A

kidney

52
Q

The filtration takes place
in the_________ ______

A

renal pyramids

53
Q

The renal pyramids are
filled with ________,
which are renal tubules
along with associated
capillaries

A

Nephrons

54
Q

The outer layer of the
kidney is called the

A

cortex

55
Q

The inner layer of the kidney

A

medulla

56
Q

tuft of capillaries inside the
membranous sac called a
Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

57
Q

membranous sac
-Location where blood is
first filtered for water,
waste, and solutes

A

Bowmans capsule

58
Q

Individual renal tubules in
a renal pyramid flow into
a _______ ______

A

collecting duct

59
Q

Renal tubules are divided
into:

A

Proximal convoluted
tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal convoluted tubule

60
Q

Where do electrolytes, glucose, amino acids,
Sodium and chloride get reabsorbed into the blood

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

61
Q

Descending side is water
permeable
Ascending side is water
impermeable, and actively transports electrolytes out

A

Loop of Henle

62
Q

Main site of secretion Waste not filtered by the
glomerulus is actively added here
Regulates K+, Na+, and Ca+2
Regulates urine pH with bicarbonate

A

Distal convoluted tubule

63
Q

Permeability is regulated
by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary to control the amount of water in the body

A

Collecting duct

Biology Exam 4 (9 decks)

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