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Biology Exam 4 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

The musculoskeletal system is made up of:

A

bones and joints
-muscles
-cartilage
-tendons and ligaments
-other connective tissue

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2
Q

The musculoskeletal systems primary function are

A

support the body
-allow motions
-protecting vital organs

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3
Q

Purpose:
* To move the body
* Convert chemical energy
to mechanical energy
(ATP to Force)

A

Muscles

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4
Q

push or pull on one object by another

A

Force

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5
Q

individual muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

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6
Q

what are the contractile proteins

A

-Actin
-myosin

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7
Q

what are the types of muscles

A

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

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8
Q

Individual muscles made
up of___________

A

muscle bundles

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9
Q

Muscle bundles made up
of _________

A

Muscle fibers

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10
Q

Muscle fibers are made
up of ____________

A

myofibrils

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11
Q

what organizes myofibrils

A

-Thin Filament
-thick filament
-z-disc
-sarcomere

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12
Q

Actin surrounded by double
helix of Tropomyosin

A

Thin Filament

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13
Q

Myosin

A

Thick Filament

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14
Q

thin filaments
are attached to this
protein backbone

A

Z-disc

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15
Q

contractile
unit; area from one z-disc
to the next

A

Sarcomere

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16
Q

a motor
neuron and all of the
myofibers that connect to
it

A

Motor Unit

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17
Q

Action potential from
nerves connects to the
muscles at the___________

A

motor endplate

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18
Q

What releases Ca+2

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

what does Ca+2 bind with

A

Troponin

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20
Q

what happens when Ca+2 binds with troponin

A

moves the tropomyosin to expose actin binding sites

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21
Q

excitation of the muscle cell
is coupled to contraction of
the muscle

A

excitation-contraction coupling

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22
Q

what muscles does not have tropomysin and uses calmodulin to control cross bridge formation instead

A

Smooth muscle

23
Q

paired muscles that cause
the exact opposite movement
of each other when they
contract

A

Antagonist muscles

24
Q

Muscle contraction
that causes a bending
movement

A

Flexion

25
Q

Muscle
contraction that causes a
straightening movement

A

Extension

26
Q

muscles that
contract to provide the main
force to move or rotate a
bone through its joint

A

Agonists

27
Q

contraction in which the
muscle does not change
length (ex. If you push with
all your might on a wall,
neither the wall nor your
muscles move)

A

Isometric contraction

28
Q

Occurs when the force applied
to the muscle exceeds the
force that the muscle is
producing (ex. when you are
setting down a heavy weight,
your biceps lengthen as you
get close to the floor, even
though they’re exerting force)

A

Lengthening contraction

29
Q

Muscle
contraction of a specific
force

A

Twitch

30
Q

long, sustained
muscle contraction caused
by fatigue or depletion of
ATP

A

tetanus

31
Q

red; contract slowly,
consume ATP slowly; aerobic; used for
posture or economical movement

A

slow-twtich

32
Q

used to
carry oxygen to the mitochondria for
aerobic respiration
-slow-twitch fibers are red because of this

A

myoglobin

32
Q

white; rapidly contact;
quickly burn through ATP; anaerobic;
used for rapid movement

A

fast-twitch

33
Q

What are the skeleton types

A

-hydrostatic
-exoskeleton
-endoskeleton

34
Q

polysaccharide fibers
reinforced by proteins
-exoskeleton

A

chitin

35
Q

process of shedding
a cuticle for growth

A

molting

36
Q

Animals are vulnerable after
molting until the chitin hardens
* If damaged, the entire skeleton
must be regrown
* Prone to breaking if surface area
is large

A

exoskeleton limitations

37
Q

specialized
connective tissue made of
collogen that connects
muscles to bone

A

tendons

38
Q

bone production is formed by___________ cells

A

osteoblast

39
Q

bone production mineral is called ______

A

-hydroxyapatite
(calcium phosphate)

40
Q

cells that
remove bone to reshape it or
repair damaged regions

A

osteoclasts

41
Q

composed of small
plates and rods (trabeculae);
found at ends of bone; reduces
their weight, and increases the
ability to resist deformation
from force

A

spongy bone

42
Q

form the walls of
bone shafts; contains dense
mineralized bone and a network
of blood vessels; provides strong
but brittle structure

A

compact bone

43
Q

central shaft of long
bones

A

diaphysis

44
Q

rounded ends of long bones

A

epiphysis

45
Q

area of cartilage
that between the epiphysis and
the diaphysis

A

growth plate

46
Q

_________lay down
new layers of bone on the
outside,

A

osteoblasts

47
Q

_________remove older layers of bone along the marrow cavity

A

osteoclasts

48
Q

_______and________can
often continue to grow
throughout their lives, albeit
at a slower pace

A

amphibians and reptiles

49
Q

_________and_________growth continues until
maturity, at which point
cartilage growth plates are
replaced with bone

A

mammals and birds

50
Q

skull & ribs; embryonically produced by
osteoblasts with no soft tissue model

A

membranous bones

51
Q

Three-
dimensional range of motion;
more likely to be dislocated
or damaged
-joint type

A

ball and socket

52
Q

Two-dimensional
range of motion; more stable
-joint type

A

hinge

53
Q
A

Biology Exam 4 (9 decks)

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