Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

The musculoskeletal system is made up of:

Answer 1

bones and joints
-muscles
-cartilage
-tendons and ligaments
-other connective tissue

Question 2

The musculoskeletal systems primary function are

Answer 2

support the body
-allow motions
-protecting vital organs

Question 3

Purpose:
* To move the body
* Convert chemical energy
to mechanical energy
(ATP to Force)

Answer 3

Muscles

Question 4

push or pull on one object by another

Answer 4

Force

Question 5

individual muscle cell

Answer 5

muscle fiber

Question 6

what are the contractile proteins

Answer 6

-Actin
-myosin

Question 7

what are the types of muscles

Answer 7

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

Question 8

Individual muscles made
up of___________

Answer 8

muscle bundles

Question 9

Muscle bundles made up
of _________

Answer 9

Muscle fibers

Question 10

Muscle fibers are made
up of ____________

Answer 10

myofibrils

Question 11

what organizes myofibrils

Answer 11

-Thin Filament
-thick filament
-z-disc
-sarcomere

Question 12

Actin surrounded by double
helix of Tropomyosin

Answer 12

Thin Filament

Question 13

Myosin

Answer 13

Thick Filament

Question 14

thin filaments
are attached to this
protein backbone

Answer 14

Z-disc

Question 15

contractile
unit; area from one z-disc
to the next

Answer 15

Sarcomere

Question 16

a motor
neuron and all of the
myofibers that connect to
it

Answer 16

Motor Unit

Question 17

Action potential from
nerves connects to the
muscles at the___________

Answer 17

motor endplate

Question 18

What releases Ca+2

Answer 18

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 19

what does Ca+2 bind with

Answer 19

Troponin

Question 20

what happens when Ca+2 binds with troponin

Answer 20

moves the tropomyosin to expose actin binding sites

Question 21

excitation of the muscle cell
is coupled to contraction of
the muscle

Answer 21

excitation-contraction coupling

Question 22

what muscles does not have tropomysin and uses calmodulin to control cross bridge formation instead

Answer 22

Smooth muscle

Question 23

paired muscles that cause
the exact opposite movement
of each other when they
contract

Answer 23

Antagonist muscles

Question 24

Muscle contraction
that causes a bending
movement

Answer 24

Flexion

Question 25

Muscle contraction that causes a straightening movement

Answer 25

Extension

Question 26

muscles that contract to provide the main force to move or rotate a bone through its joint

Answer 26

Agonists

Question 27

contraction in which the muscle does not change length (ex. If you push with all your might on a wall, neither the wall nor your muscles move)

Answer 27

Isometric contraction

Question 28

Occurs when the force applied to the muscle exceeds the force that the muscle is producing (ex. when you are setting down a heavy weight, your biceps lengthen as you get close to the floor, even though they’re exerting force)

Answer 28

Lengthening contraction

Question 29

Muscle contraction of a specific force

Answer 29

Twitch

Question 30

long, sustained muscle contraction caused by fatigue or depletion of ATP

Answer 30

tetanus

Question 31

red; contract slowly, consume ATP slowly; aerobic; used for posture or economical movement

Answer 31

slow-twtich

Question 32

used to carry oxygen to the mitochondria for aerobic respiration -slow-twitch fibers are red because of this

Answer 32

myoglobin

Question 32

white; rapidly contact; quickly burn through ATP; anaerobic; used for rapid movement

Answer 32

fast-twitch

Question 33

What are the skeleton types

Answer 33

-hydrostatic -exoskeleton -endoskeleton

Question 34

polysaccharide fibers reinforced by proteins -exoskeleton

Answer 34

chitin

Question 35

process of shedding a cuticle for growth

Answer 35

molting

Question 36

Animals are vulnerable after molting until the chitin hardens * If damaged, the entire skeleton must be regrown * Prone to breaking if surface area is large

Answer 36

exoskeleton limitations

Question 37

specialized connective tissue made of collogen that connects muscles to bone

Answer 37

tendons

Question 38

bone production is formed by___________ cells

Answer 38

osteoblast

Question 39

bone production mineral is called ______

Answer 39

-hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)

Question 40

cells that remove bone to reshape it or repair damaged regions

Answer 40

osteoclasts

Question 41

composed of small plates and rods (trabeculae); found at ends of bone; reduces their weight, and increases the ability to resist deformation from force

Answer 41

spongy bone

Question 42

form the walls of bone shafts; contains dense mineralized bone and a network of blood vessels; provides strong but brittle structure

Answer 42

compact bone

Question 43

central shaft of long bones

Answer 43

diaphysis

Question 44

rounded ends of long bones

Answer 44

epiphysis

Question 45

area of cartilage that between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Answer 45

growth plate

Question 46

_________lay down new layers of bone on the outside,

Answer 46

osteoblasts

Question 47

_________remove older layers of bone along the marrow cavity

Answer 47

osteoclasts

Question 48

_______and________can often continue to grow throughout their lives, albeit at a slower pace

Answer 48

amphibians and reptiles

Question 49

_________and_________growth continues until maturity, at which point cartilage growth plates are replaced with bone

Answer 49

mammals and birds

Question 50

skull & ribs; embryonically produced by osteoblasts with no soft tissue model

Answer 50

membranous bones

Question 51

Three- dimensional range of motion; more likely to be dislocated or damaged -joint type

Answer 51

ball and socket

Question 52

Two-dimensional range of motion; more stable -joint type

Answer 52

hinge