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Biology Exam 4 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

Gas exchange within large organisms depends on what two processes

A

-diffusion
-bulk flow

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2
Q

Movement from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

Movement of fluids down a pressure or temperature gradient

A

Bulk flow

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4
Q

Moves environmental
medium across specialized respiratory
surface
Moves circulatory fluid
(blood or hemolymph) through the body

A

Bulk Flow

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5
Q

fluid that many invertebrates use to circulate oxygen and / or nutrients through an open circulatory system(open circulatory system)

A

Hemolymph

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6
Q

circulatory fluid in closed circulatory systems that contains blood cells that deliver oxygen cells (closed circulatory system)

A

Blood

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7
Q

extract oxygen from water

A

gills

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8
Q

thin, sheetlike structures that extend up from each gill filament
lined with capillaries that bridge an artery to a vein
give the gills enormous surface area

A

Lamellae

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9
Q

mechanism by which dissolved gasses or electrolytes in one closed system are diffused into a second system using diffusion.

A

Counter Current Exchange

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10
Q

insects use _________ which are openings along the sides of their abdomen to provide a direct path for air to enter their system

A

spiracles

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11
Q

Most vertebrates have lungs that inflate and deflate to move air with high O2 in and air with high CO2 out

A

tidal ventilation

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12
Q

air enters the lungs, lungs expand, and the diaphragm moves posteriorly

A

inhalation

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13
Q

gases leave the lungs, the lungs contract, and the diaphragm moves towards the head

A

exhalation

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14
Q

domed sheet of muscle located at the base of the lungs, which forms a barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

elevate the ribs during inhalation, and contracting the chest cavity on exhalation

A

Intercostal muscles

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16
Q

the amount of air you generally breath at rest
(~0.5 L)

A

Tidal volume

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17
Q

organ in the throat made of
cartilage, which contains the vocal cords, and helps separate swallowing from breathing

A

larynx

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18
Q

central airway leading to the lungs

A

Trachea

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19
Q

Fork in trachea that goes to each lung (separates swallowing prom breathing)

A

Primary bronchi

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20
Q

Finer subdivisions of the second bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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21
Q

Sacs where gas exchange takes place

A

Alveoli

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22
Q

Supply each alveolus with blood

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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23
Q

Near the alveolus allowing for rapid diffusion of gases

A

Capillaries

24
Q

A _ is also secreted reduce mucus surface tension to prevent partially deflated alveoli from being able to reinflate

A

Surfactant

25
Q

Sensors in the carotid arteries

A

Carotid bodies

26
Q

Sensors in the aorta - detect variation in co- 2 , h, and 0-2 in the blood

A

Aortic bodies

27
Q

Send signals to the brainstem, which sends action potential to motor neurons which control breathing rate

A

Aortic bodies

28
Q

The percentage (bu volume) of red blood cells in your blood

A

Hematocrit

29
Q

The ability of a substance to be dissolved in water

A

Solubility

30
Q

A protein in RBCs that increases O2 solubility by 100 times

A

Hemoglobin

31
Q

Hemoglobin exhibits….

A

Cooperative binding

32
Q

specialized O2 carrier in muscle cells; contains only 1 heme group
Has a greater affinity for O2 than hemoglobin does
Concentrated in red muscle cells that rely on aerobic respiration

A

myoglobin

33
Q

contains few blood vessels and most hemolymph is contained by the body cavity
Some invertebrates have simple hearts that pump hemolymph between body regions

A

Open circulatory system

34
Q

made up of internal vessels that contain blood, and a pump (heart) to circulate blood through the system

A

closed circulatory system

35
Q

carry’s deoxygenated blood

A

dorsal vessel

36
Q

large, high pressure, move blood away from the heart

A

arteries

37
Q

midsized, mid- pressure

A

arterioles

38
Q

small size, low pressure, gas exchange

A

Capillaries

39
Q

midsized, mid- pressure, take blood towards heart

A

Venules

40
Q

large, high pressure

A

veins

41
Q

Blood pressure is regulated via the nervous and endocrine systems by sending nerve pulses or hormones that cause:

A

vasoconstriction or vasodilation

42
Q

________ are leaky by design to facilitate diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

A

capillaries

43
Q

When plasma leaks out of the capillary beds, the ________ _________ returns it to the veins near the heart

A

lymphatic system

44
Q

how many chambers do fish have in their hear

A

two

45
Q

collects blood

A

atrium

46
Q

pressurizes blood

A

ventricle

47
Q

Blood flows into the atrium from the ________ The atrium moves blood to the ventricle, which pumps it to the _______. Blood then moves to the gills to be oxygenated, then to the body, and then it returns to the heart.

A

vena cava
aorta

48
Q

reptiles and amphibians have how chambers in their heart? how many atria and ventricle

A

3
2 artia
1 common ventricle

49
Q

how many chambers do mammals and birds have how many atria and ventricles

A

4 chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles

50
Q

Have partially separated pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

reptiles and amphibians

51
Q

Have fully separated pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

mammals and birds

52
Q

the cardiac cycle is divided into two phases

A

diastole and systole

53
Q

– the atria contract, filling the ventricles with blood

A

diastole

54
Q

the ventricles contract, pumping blood out of the heart

A

systole

55
Q

cells are responsible for causing the heart muscle cells to beat in rhythm

A

pacemaker

56
Q

stimulates the atria

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

57
Q

stimulates the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Biology Exam 4 (9 decks)

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