cardiovascular system

Question 1

Gas exchange within large organisms depends on what two processes

Answer 1

-diffusion
-bulk flow

Question 2

Movement from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration

Answer 2

Diffusion

Question 3

Movement of fluids down a pressure or temperature gradient

Answer 3

Bulk flow

Question 4

Moves environmental
medium across specialized respiratory
surface
Moves circulatory fluid
(blood or hemolymph) through the body

Answer 4

Bulk Flow

Question 5

fluid that many invertebrates use to circulate oxygen and / or nutrients through an open circulatory system(open circulatory system)

Answer 5

Hemolymph

Question 6

circulatory fluid in closed circulatory systems that contains blood cells that deliver oxygen cells (closed circulatory system)

Answer 6

Blood

Question 7

extract oxygen from water

Answer 7

gills

Question 8

thin, sheetlike structures that extend up from each gill filament
lined with capillaries that bridge an artery to a vein
give the gills enormous surface area

Answer 8

Lamellae

Question 9

mechanism by which dissolved gasses or electrolytes in one closed system are diffused into a second system using diffusion.

Answer 9

Counter Current Exchange

Question 10

insects use _________ which are openings along the sides of their abdomen to provide a direct path for air to enter their system

Answer 10

spiracles

Question 11

Most vertebrates have lungs that inflate and deflate to move air with high O2 in and air with high CO2 out

Answer 11

tidal ventilation

Question 12

air enters the lungs, lungs expand, and the diaphragm moves posteriorly

Answer 12

inhalation

Question 13

gases leave the lungs, the lungs contract, and the diaphragm moves towards the head

Answer 13

exhalation

Question 14

domed sheet of muscle located at the base of the lungs, which forms a barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 14

Diaphragm

Question 15

elevate the ribs during inhalation, and contracting the chest cavity on exhalation

Answer 15

Intercostal muscles

Question 16

the amount of air you generally breath at rest
(~0.5 L)

Answer 16

Tidal volume

Question 17

organ in the throat made of
cartilage, which contains the vocal cords, and helps separate swallowing from breathing

Answer 17

larynx

Question 18

central airway leading to the lungs

Answer 18

Trachea

Question 19

Fork in trachea that goes to each lung (separates swallowing prom breathing)

Answer 19

Primary bronchi

Question 20

Finer subdivisions of the second bronchi

Answer 20

Bronchioles

Question 21

Sacs where gas exchange takes place

Answer 21

Alveoli

Question 22

Supply each alveolus with blood

Answer 22

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 23

Near the alveolus allowing for rapid diffusion of gases

Answer 23

Capillaries

Question 24

A _ is also secreted reduce mucus surface tension to prevent partially deflated alveoli from being able to reinflate

Answer 24

Surfactant

Question 25

Sensors in the carotid arteries

Answer 25

Carotid bodies

Question 26

Sensors in the aorta - detect variation in co- 2 , h, and 0-2 in the blood

Answer 26

Aortic bodies

Question 27

Send signals to the brainstem, which sends action potential to motor neurons which control breathing rate

Answer 27

Aortic bodies

Question 28

The percentage (bu volume) of red blood cells in your blood

Answer 28

Hematocrit

Question 29

The ability of a substance to be dissolved in water

Answer 29

Solubility

Question 30

A protein in RBCs that increases O2 solubility by 100 times

Answer 30

Hemoglobin

Question 31

Hemoglobin exhibits....

Answer 31

Cooperative binding

Question 32

specialized O2 carrier in muscle cells; contains only 1 heme group Has a greater affinity for O2 than hemoglobin does Concentrated in red muscle cells that rely on aerobic respiration

Answer 32

myoglobin

Question 33

contains few blood vessels and most hemolymph is contained by the body cavity Some invertebrates have simple hearts that pump hemolymph between body regions

Answer 33

Open circulatory system

Question 34

made up of internal vessels that contain blood, and a pump (heart) to circulate blood through the system

Answer 34

closed circulatory system

Question 35

carry’s deoxygenated blood

Answer 35

dorsal vessel

Question 36

large, high pressure, move blood away from the heart

Answer 36

arteries

Question 37

midsized, mid- pressure

Answer 37

arterioles

Question 38

small size, low pressure, gas exchange

Answer 38

Capillaries

Question 39

midsized, mid- pressure, take blood towards heart

Answer 39

Venules

Question 40

large, high pressure

Answer 40

veins

Question 41

Blood pressure is regulated via the nervous and endocrine systems by sending nerve pulses or hormones that cause:

Answer 41

vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Question 42

________ are leaky by design to facilitate diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

Answer 42

capillaries

Question 43

When plasma leaks out of the capillary beds, the ________ _________ returns it to the veins near the heart

Answer 43

lymphatic system

Question 44

how many chambers do fish have in their hear

Answer 44

two

Question 45

collects blood

Answer 45

atrium

Question 46

pressurizes blood

Answer 46

ventricle

Question 47

Blood flows into the atrium from the ________ The atrium moves blood to the ventricle, which pumps it to the _______. Blood then moves to the gills to be oxygenated, then to the body, and then it returns to the heart.

Answer 47

vena cava aorta

Question 48

reptiles and amphibians have how chambers in their heart? how many atria and ventricle

Answer 48

3 2 artia 1 common ventricle

Question 49

how many chambers do mammals and birds have how many atria and ventricles

Answer 49

4 chambers 2 atria 2 ventricles

Question 50

Have partially separated pulmonary and systemic circuits

Answer 50

reptiles and amphibians

Question 51

Have fully separated pulmonary and systemic circuits

Answer 51

mammals and birds

Question 52

the cardiac cycle is divided into two phases

Answer 52

diastole and systole

Question 53

– the atria contract, filling the ventricles with blood

Answer 53

diastole

Question 54

the ventricles contract, pumping blood out of the heart

Answer 54

systole

Question 55

cells are responsible for causing the heart muscle cells to beat in rhythm

Answer 55

pacemaker

Question 56

stimulates the atria

Answer 56

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 57

stimulates the ventricles

Answer 57

Atrioventricular (AV) node