cardiovascular system Flashcards
Gas exchange within large organisms depends on what two processes
-diffusion
-bulk flow
Movement from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration
Diffusion
Movement of fluids down a pressure or temperature gradient
Bulk flow
Moves environmental
medium across specialized respiratory
surface
Moves circulatory fluid
(blood or hemolymph) through the body
Bulk Flow
fluid that many invertebrates use to circulate oxygen and / or nutrients through an open circulatory system(open circulatory system)
Hemolymph
circulatory fluid in closed circulatory systems that contains blood cells that deliver oxygen cells (closed circulatory system)
Blood
extract oxygen from water
gills
thin, sheetlike structures that extend up from each gill filament
lined with capillaries that bridge an artery to a vein
give the gills enormous surface area
Lamellae
mechanism by which dissolved gasses or electrolytes in one closed system are diffused into a second system using diffusion.
Counter Current Exchange
insects use _________ which are openings along the sides of their abdomen to provide a direct path for air to enter their system
spiracles
Most vertebrates have lungs that inflate and deflate to move air with high O2 in and air with high CO2 out
tidal ventilation
air enters the lungs, lungs expand, and the diaphragm moves posteriorly
inhalation
gases leave the lungs, the lungs contract, and the diaphragm moves towards the head
exhalation
domed sheet of muscle located at the base of the lungs, which forms a barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diaphragm
elevate the ribs during inhalation, and contracting the chest cavity on exhalation
Intercostal muscles
the amount of air you generally breath at rest
(~0.5 L)
Tidal volume
organ in the throat made of
cartilage, which contains the vocal cords, and helps separate swallowing from breathing
larynx
central airway leading to the lungs
Trachea
Fork in trachea that goes to each lung (separates swallowing prom breathing)
Primary bronchi
Finer subdivisions of the second bronchi
Bronchioles
Sacs where gas exchange takes place
Alveoli
Supply each alveolus with blood
Pulmonary capillaries