Renal System 1

Question 1

Main renal terms:

Answer 1

renal (Latin), Nephro (Greek) = pertaining to the kidneys

Nephrology = study of kidneys
Nephrotoxicity = harmful to the kidneys
renal colic = severe fluctuating pain in the kidney
renal clearance =removed from the body through the kidneys

Question 2

What are the medical terms that describe the location of the kidneys?

Answer 2

Bilateral, and retroperitoneal (behind the Peritoneum - sack with internal organs)

Question 3

Where does urine go after it is formed?

Answer 3

To the bladder through Ureter

Question 4

How much blood does the kidney receive per min?

Answer 4

1L / min (20% of cardiac output)

Question 5

In what two parts is the body of the kidney divided?

Answer 5

Cortex (outer part) and medulla (the inner part containing pyramids)

-> they are divided by the Cortico-medullary junction !!

Question 6

What are pyramids and nephrons?

Answer 6

Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney.

Within the pyramids are nephrons, responsible to build urine.

Question 7

Where does the urine flow after it is built?

Answer 7

Through papilla -> calyx -> renal palvis - Ureter -> urinal bladder

Question 8

Where does the blood come from and where does it go?

Answer 8

Renal artery -> it splits into the radial artery -> through afferent arterioles it goes to the Browns capsule (Glomerulus)

Question 9

What is the Glomerulus?

Answer 9

Nest of capillaries

Question 10

How does the blood leave the Glomerulus?

Answer 10

Through efferent arterioles -> and it breaks up into another nest of capillaries

Question 11

How does the blood leave the Glomerulus?

Answer 11

Through efferent arterioles -> it breaks up into another nest of capillaries - peritubular caplillaries

Question 12

What two types of nephrons are there?

Answer 12

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

Question 13

What are the capillaries in the medulla (bottom) called?

Answer 13

Vasa recta (medullary capillaries) around the Loop of Henle

(in Cortex: peritubular capillaries) around tubules

there are some Vasa recta capillaries on the cortical nephron
and some peritubular capillaries on the juxtamedullary nephron

Question 14

Where does the blood get filtered and the first urine is formed (ultrafiltrate)?

Answer 14

In the Bowman’s capsule out of the Glomerus capillaries -> first urine is formed

Question 15

Where does the urine go after it gets formed?

Answer 15

Proximal convoluted tubules, and flows down through the Loop of Henle

Question 16

How is the Loop of Henle divided?

Answer 16

1) Descending limb (thick) -> 2) Thin segment of ascending limb -> 3) Thick segment of Ascending limb

Question 17

What is special about the ascending portion (thick)?

At the top, it is the distal tub

Answer 17

It goes right between the efferent and afferent arterioles, where the Macula densa is located!

Question 18

Where does the urine go after ascending limb?

Answer 18

It goes further through the distal convoluted tube to the cortical collecting tube and the medullary collecting tube -> renal pelvis -> Ureter

Question 19

What are Podocytes?

Answer 19

Epithelial cells covering the outer surface of glomerular capillaries

Question 20

How is blood flow through afferent arterioles controlled?

Answer 20

Smooth muscles cells surrounding the afferent arterioles -> Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Question 21

How are substances transported from capillaries into Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 21

Substances are filtered through fenestrae and they flow through filtration slits between Podocytes into Bowmans capsule

Question 22

Which part of the structure is considered the fine filter?

Answer 22

Base membrane

in some diseases the base membrane is damaged, -> things too big like proteins get out