Cardioviscular Physiology 1

Question 1

Why is blood a connective tissue?

Answer 1

Connective tissue = matrix (plasma) with embedded cells (blood cells)

Question 2

What is transported by blood?

Answer 2

Heat, nutrients, drugs, gases, wastes, hormones,..

Question 3

What are plasma and formed elements (parts of cells)?

Answer 3

Plasma: liquid fraction
parts of cells: RBC, WBC, platelets, (thrombocytes)

Question 4

What is hematocrit?

Answer 4

percentage of the blood, that is RBC (carrying oxygen)

Question 5

What are the 2 circulations?

Answer 5

pulmonary (to lung): blood gets oxygenated
systemic: send blood to the tissues to drop nutrients and oxygen, pick up CO2

Question 6

What are arteries and veins?

Answer 6

Arteries: carrying blood away from the heart
Veins: carrying blood to the heart

Question 7

What are the main arteries in the Arterial system?

Answer 7

usually high in O2, low in CO2
Aorta: carries blood to the body (systemic)

Coronary arteries: carries blood to the myocardium (heart wall)

Pulmonary arteries to the lungs -> branches to left and right lung
(exception -> low in O2, high in CO2)

Question 8

What are the man veins in the venous system?

Answer 8

Systemic: vena cavae
Superior vena cava: blood from the head and the upper limbs (arms)

Inferior vena cava: brings blood from the trunk and the lower limbs (legs)

Pulmonary: brings blood from the lungs

carry O2-rich and low CO2 blood

Question 9

Hemodynamics
What is hydrostatic pressure

How does fluid flow?

Answer 9

the pressure exerted by any fluid on the wall of its container

Flow (F) occurs from high pressure to low pressure

Question 10

What are the upper heart chambers?

Answer 10

upper chambers: atrial, push blood to the ventricle, thin wall

Right atrium (blue) receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

Left atrium (red) receives blood from pulmonary veins (2 from left, 2 from right)

Question 11

What are the lower heart chambers?

Answer 11

lower chambers: ventricles: force blood out of the heart into arteries -> thick wall !!

Right ventricle receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to he lungs

Left ventricle receives blood from left atrium and pumps it to the whole body (THICK WALL)

Question 12

Where do we have valves?

Answer 12

Between the atrium and ventricles (atrioventricular valves, AV valves)

Ventricles and major vessels

Question 13

Name the valves! TRI before we BI

Answer 13

Tricuspid: between right atrium and ventricle

Bicuspid: between left atrium and ventricle

Pulmonary (semilunar): between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aortic valve (semilunar): between the left ventricle and the aorta

Question 14

How are valves controlled?

Answer 14

Valves open when pressure behind the valve exceeds the pressure in front (atrial pressure bigger than ventricle)

Valves close when the pressure in front exceeds behind (ventricle pressure bigger than atrial)

Question 15

What is the function of the cordae tendineae and papillary muscle?

Answer 15

They anchor the AV valves, helping to prevent backflow

Question 16

What is the interventricular septum?

Answer 16

Wall between the left and right ventricle

Question 17

Blood flow !!

Answer 17

Vena caveae > R. atrium > R. AV valve (TRI) > R. ventricle > pulmonary valve >

pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > Capillaries of lungs (O2, CO2 exchange) > pulmonary veins >

Left atrium > L. AV valves (BI) > L. ventricles > Aortic valve >

Aorta (Highest pressure) > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins

Question 18

Where is the highest and lowest pressure in systematic circulation?

Answer 18

Highest: Aorta
Lowest: Vena cavaea, almost 0 coming back all the way from the body

Question 19

Where is the highest and lowest pressure in pulmonary circulation?

Answer 19

Highest: pulmonary trunk
Lowest: pulmonary veins

Question 20

What covers and helps protect the heart?

Answer 20

Pericardia:
Fibrous pericardium (thick)

between: Pericardial cavity with serous fluid, (buffer) prevents friction to other tissue

Serous pericardium -> parietal layer (near to fibrous), visceral layer (attached to the organ)

Question 21

Where are the Myocardium and the Endocardium?

Answer 21

Myocardium in the atrium and ventricles (thicker), endocardium (epithelial layer)

Question 22

What are the functions of the pericardium?

Answer 22

-It protects and anchors the heart
-provides friction-free environment
-prevents overfilling