Blood Flashcards
What is the composition of blood?
55% Plasma
formed elements -> cells or parts of cells -> erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets
How can leukocytes be categorized?
Granulocytes: Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
Agranulocytes: Monocytes, Lymphocytes
What is the difference between Plasma and Serum?
Plasma = fluid after centrifuging, without allowing coagulation (EDTA added)
Serum = fluid after centrifuging, after coagulation
What does plasma consist of?
Water 93%, proteins, salts, gases (O2, CO2), nutrients (glucose, amino acid), waste (urea)
What is the difference between interstitial fluid and blood plasma?
Plasma is part of extracellular fluid, nearly identical to interstitial fluid
-> Plasma has proteins
What are the functions of plasma proteins?
-Reserve nutrients (amino acids)
-Carrier molecule (for drugs)
-Buffer pH
-Zymogens (enzyme precursors) - can get activated and become part of the coagulation cascade
-provide colloid osmotic pressure
What proteins are present in plasma?
Albumin 60%, Globulin 40%, Fibrinogen <1%
What effect does albumin have on drugs?
The higher the amount of albumin-bound drugs the fewer free drugs are present to work
Elimination of albumin-bound drugs takes longer
What is special about pluripotent stem cells and where are they located?
They can become many different cells, when they differentiate they produce a copy of itself
located in: bone marrow
Which pathways can a hematopoietic stem cell take?
Lymphoid stem cell -> Lymphocyte
Myeloid stem cell -> Erythrocyte, Granulocytes, Monocyte or platelets
What are the functions of Erythrocytes?
They carry O2 and CO2, and hemoglobin binds O2
they have no nucleus and organelles (mitochondria would use O2)
How is Erythropoiesis turned on?
By Erythropoietin, the hormone released by the !! kidney !!
O2 delivery to the kidney will be decreased and Erythropoietin will be produced and transported to the bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced
-> increase of O2 has a negative feedback on erythropoietin production in the kidney
How are RBCs broken down?
After 120 days
RBCs get taken up by macrophages -> RBCs consist mostly of hemoglobin - the globins are broken down to amino acids that can be recycled
Fe is bound to Transferrin and stored
Heme gets converted to Biliverdin (green) -> Bilirubin (yellow) is neurotoxic
How do Leukocytes fight diseases?
They function collectively by phagocytosis
only “formed element” that is a whole cell
Explain the term Diapedesis!
Movement of neutrophils from bloodstream, by chemotaxis towards chemicals released at the site of injury, infection, by other cells
When are neutrophile values elevated?
Bacterial infection
neutrophiles are most common 50-70%
very mobile, phagocytic
When are eosinophile values elevated?
parasitic worm infection
red) acid-stained granules,
Characteristics of basophils?
rarest leucocyte 0-1%
purplish black granules containing:
-histamine (inflammatory agent acting as a validator attracting WBCS) -heparin (anti-coagulant)
Characteristics of lymphocytes?
20-40%
no granules, big nuclei
T-cell: cell-mediated immunity
B-cell: antibody-mediated immunity
Characteristics of monocytes?
1-6%
U or kidney-shaped purple nuclei
largest leukocyte
they leave the circulation, enter the tissue and differentiate into macrophages
What are platelets (Thrombocytes)?
involved in clotting, by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels + stimulates contraction of blood vessels to reduce blood loss + repair of a broken vessel by releasing PDGF
fragment of megakaryocytes, with granules, microfilaments, and microtubules helping to anchor the net of platelets
no nucleus
What are hematopoietic growth factors?
they promote the development of certain types of blood cells
Erythropoietin - Erythrocytes
(Thrombopoietin -> platelets)
(Interleukin - leukocytes)
