Renal Physiology (2A)

Question 1

What is the structural unit of the kidney?

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

Direction of the filtrate passes through***

Answer 2

1. Bowman’s capsule
2. Proximal convoluted tube
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal convoluted tube
5. Collecting duct

Question 3

The kidneys are located (position)

Answer 3

retroperitoneal

Question 4

Retriperitoneal is defined as

Answer 4

the location backside of the body
(behind the abdominal or peritoneal cavity)

Question 5

Other associated organs with the kidney include (3)

Answer 5

• ureter –> one linked to each kidney and takes contents from kidney and merges it with the bladder
• bladder –> urine storage
• urethra –> tube that leads urine outside of the body

Question 6

What is micturition?

Answer 6

physiological process in emptying and voiding urine outside the body

relies on autonomic control as well (sympathetic + parasympathetic)

Question 7

Capsule

Answer 7

protective thin membrane that covers the entire kidney

Question 8

What is inside after the capsule?

Answer 8

Outer cortex
Inner medulla
Nephrons are found within these areas

Question 9

The nephron is known to be

Answer 9

the functional unit and there are
1 x 10^6 in each kidney

Question 10

Parts of the nephron includes

Answer 10

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

Question 11

With age there is a ___ in the number of nephrons and certain diseases such as ____ and ___ can affect it faster.

Answer 11

decline, diabetes, hypertension

Question 12

A decreased amount of nephrons may require

Answer 12

kidney dialysis

Question 13

The first structure of the nephron involves

Answer 13

the bowmans’s capsule which has the glomerulus capillaries sitting in its bowl shape

Question 14

The (2) structure of the nephron includes the _____ and it has many ____.

Answer 14

proximal convoluted tubule, brush border enzymes

Question 15

The (3) structure is the ____ and it has a ____ structure.

Answer 15

loop of Henle, hairpin

Question 16

The loop of henle first has the filtrate travel through the ___ limb then the ___ limb.

Answer 16

descending, ascending

Question 17

The (4) structure is the ___ and it is farther away from the Bowman’s capsule but is not as ____.

Answer 17

distal convoluted tubule, convoluted

Question 18

The glomerulus is the

Answer 18

blood vessel that brings in bloood to supply the nephron via smaller capillaries

Question 19

The (5) structure is the ____ and many nephrons will pour into the duct and thus is ___.

Answer 19

collecting duct, branched

Question 20

The proximal and distal tubules are lined with

Answer 20

epithelial cells that vary in function and structure based on the tasks it must perform

Question 21

The renal corpuscle is known as the

Answer 21

filtering unit

Question 22

The __ arteriole bring is blood and the __ arteriole will bring the blood out

Answer 22

afferent, efferent

Question 23

What are podocytes?

Answer 23

Highly specialized epithelial cells that wrap (like a bowl) around the glomerulus

Question 24

The glomerulus is

Answer 24

a small capillary bed from the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 25

Blood if filtered into the

Answer 25

Bowman's space and through to the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 26

The development of the renal corpuscle includes **

Answer 26

the development of a hollow tube that becomes the bowman's cup and continues on as the tubule

Question 27

Step 1 to the development of the renal corpuscle includes

Answer 27

nephrons developing as blind-ended tubules composed of a single layer of simple epithelium

Question 28

Step 2 to development of renal corpuscle includes

Answer 28

Growing tuft of capillaries (convoluted capillaries) penetrate the expanded end of tubules

Question 29

Result of step 2 includes

Answer 29

1. basal membrane trapped between the endothelial cells of capillaries and the endothelial layer 2. epithelial cells differentiate into parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers

Question 30

Visceral is

Answer 30

inner (podocyte layer)

Question 31

Parietal is

Answer 31

outside (flattened walls of Bowman's capsule)

Question 32

Layers of the glomerulus to the capsule are

Answer 32

endothelial cells basement membrane epithelial cells

Question 33

Step 3 to development of renal corpuscle includes

Answer 33

parietal (outer) layer flattens to become the wall of Bowman's capsule Visceral layer becomes podocyte cell layer

Question 34

From inside to out, the glomerular capillary has ____ endothelial layer, a ____ membrane, ____ (epithelium) with filtration slits.

Answer 34

fenestrated, basement, podocytes

Question 35

IMPORTANT: Where are all renal corpuscles found

Answer 35

In the renal cortex

Question 36

How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

Answer 36

1 million in each

Question 37

What are the basic functions of the nephrons?

Answer 37

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

Question 38

The two types of nephrons are

Answer 38

cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 39

The cortical nephrons occupy

Answer 39

85% and carries out the basic functions

Question 40

The juxtamedullary nephrons occupy

Answer 40

15% and carries out the basic functions alongside the refulation of urine concentration (MAIN TASK)

Question 41

A main difference between the cortical and juxtamedullary nephron is

Answer 41

the juxtamedullary nephon has most of its loop of Henle in the renal medulla and is much longer The cortical nephron does not and has a shorter loop

Question 42

The proximal tubule of cortical nephron is solely in the

Answer 42

cortex

Question 43

The rate of blood flow into the kidneys is

Answer 43

1200 mL/min

Question 44

The cardiac output in the kidneys is

Answer 44

5600 mL/min

Question 45

The renal fraction is about

Answer 45

20%

Question 46

Renal fraction is the

Answer 46

% output from the heart that will go towards the kidneys

Question 47

Is the blood flow to the kidneys high or low?

Answer 47

very high

Question 48

The three types of capillaries as blood supply to the nephron includes

Answer 48

glomerular (inside the corpuscle) peritubular (around the PCT) vasa recta (parallel to the loop of Henle)

Question 49

Blood supply moves from

Answer 49

afferent arteriole glomerular efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries vasa recta

Question 50

The peritubular capillaries are ___ and around the PCT.

Answer 50

branched

Question 51

The vasa recta has a central role in ____ urine and is ONLY associated with the ___ nephron.

Answer 51

concentrating, juxtamedullary

Question 52

In terms of the peritubular capillaries the ____ nephron has more than the ____ nephron.

Answer 52

cortical, juxtamedullary