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Renal Phys Flashcards

1
Q

what characteristics of the kidney

A
  • they are paired
  • retroperitoneal: outside of the peritoneal cavity
  • partially protected by the 11th and 12th rib
  • right slightly lower than the left due to location of the liver
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2
Q

what are the anatomical features of the kidney

A
  • hilum
  • renal artery + vein
  • renal cortex
  • renal meduallla
  • renal pyarmids and renal papillae
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • nephron: the functional unit of the kidney
  • adrenal gland
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3
Q

what does the adrenal gland do

A

sits on top of the kdiney and supply epinephrine and norepinephrine

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4
Q

functions of the kidney

A
  • filter blood
  • regulation
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5
Q

nephron

A

functional unit that filters the blood through tubular secreation

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6
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

glomerullus (capillaries) and glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)

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7
Q

what are the types of nephrons

A

cortical nephron juxtamedullary nephron

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8
Q

what is teh fluid that leaves bowman’s capsule called

A

filtrate

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9
Q

what are the general steps of filtration in the nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • filtration membrane
  • glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
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10
Q

what happens in the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus aka the capilarries are fenestrated (holes) so things can pass through
- filtration membrane that lies on the glomerulus further filter via slit membrane
- slit membrane allows for amino acids, ions, glucose, urea to pass through but keeps proteins out
- enters bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

how much blood that enters the renal corpuscle crosses the membranes

A

70-80%

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12
Q

what causes the blood to enter bowman’s capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure

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13
Q

what are the opposing forces presnet in hydrostatic pressure

A
  • plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  • capsular hydrostatic pressure
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14
Q

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

the pressure due to the concentration difference of proteins in the blood

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15
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure exerted on the capillary by Bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

flomerular filtration rate

A

the volume of plasma filters/unit time

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17
Q

what is the approximate GFR

A

180 mL/day

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18
Q

what is average urine output

19
Q

what percent of filtrate is reabsorbed

20
Q

what is GFR good for

A

detecting kidney disease or other issues
- high BP = increased PV = kidney produce more urine = decrease in PV
- during outflow obstruction = increase pressure in bowman’s capsule = opposes filtration pressure mechanism = decreased GFR
- loss of protein free fluid = decreased BV = decreased GFR

21
Q

how can hormones affect GFR

A
  • renin-angiotensin, aldosteron, ADH all increase fluid reabsorption
  • ANP can decrease fluid reabsorption
22
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

reabsorption of products like water, glucose, amino acids, urea, and ions

23
Q

how much glucose should be reabosrbed and what could happen if not

A

all of glucose or else sweet smelling pee

24
Q

how much amino acids should be reabsorbed

A

almost all of it, if there is a lot of excess pee may be foamy

25
tubular secretion
- second chance to get rid of waste products - substances move from pertibilar capillaries into the tubules of the nephrone
26
what is the normal reabsorption order
- proximal convoluted tubule: sodium, water, amino acids, bicarb, etc. - descending loop of henle: water impermeable to ions) - ascending loop of henle: sodium, afects pH of blood drawing in neg charged ions e.g bicarb - distal convoluted tubule: last ions like calcium and sodium (affected by hormones)
27
how does ADH affect the reabsorption process
if present ADH causes the permeability of the collecting duct to increase reabsorbing more water and increasing the concentration of urine
28
how does aldosterone affect the reabsorption process
- if present will cause permeability to sodium and allowing for fluid reabsorption as well - K+ excretion
29
at the end of the proximal tubule what percent of things are reabsorbed
- 60-70% water and sodium - 100% of glucose and amino acids - 90% of K+, bicarb. and calcium
30
transport maximum
maximum amount of a substance that can be asbored/unit time
31
renal threshold
plasma concentration of a substance at which it exceed transport max
32
what effect does PTH have on the collecting ducts
will increase Ca2+ reabsorption
33
tubular secretion
the rid of waste substance or unwanted substances in the body - K+, H+, urea, ammonia, creatinine, certain drugs
34
how does H+ absorption change and why
there can be more or less H+ absorption to affect the pH of the blood
35
what is needed to excrete things from the blood
ATP is needed to excrete things
36
how is renal function affected by exercise
exercise causes massive stress - heat - tissue damage: releases cellular components = waste -metabolite decreases bc ATP is burned through fast - waste production - pH changes due to increase in bicarb - increase in blood calcium due to tissue damage
37
what cells in the kidney receive signal of change that begins the release of renin
juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney
38
how does hormonal regulation occur during exercise
exercise = decrease in plasma volume = increase in hydrostatic pressure = decrease in plasma water content = increase heart strain = decrease BP
39
how do hormones correct fluid imbalance
through posterior pituitary gland
40
what does the posterior putitary gland do
released hormones like ADH and oxytocin after neural signals are sent to hypothalamus
41
what is the sitimulator for ADH release
decreased plasma volume = hemoconcentration = increase osmolality = stimulates osmoreceptrs in hypothalamus = ADH release = increase BV and BP = plasma osmolality back down
42
what happens in the kdineys during exercise
- get affected by ADH, Adlosterone - secretes EPO over time in response to decrease O2 in the kidneys resulting in RBC production and more O2 - kidneys don't know exactly what is going on and assume decreased O2 is due to not enough plasma volume so will release EPO`
43
what would happen if the renin aldosterone system wasn't working during exercise
HR would increase bc of the sensing of decreased PV and preload

Ex Phys (12 decks)

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