hormones Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine system
A
- chemical communication type that allows for long actin/long term effects
- helps to maintain homeostasis through hormones
2
Q
what is slower at responding endocrine or nervous system
A
the endocrine
3
Q
what is the function of the endocrine system
A
- coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise
- controls substrate metabolism, regulates fluids, electrolyte balance
4
Q
what are the important organs to the endocrine system
A
- hypothalmus
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus gland
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- kidney
- adpiose tissues
- ovaries and testes
5
Q
hormones
A
chemicals that act on target cells to control + regulate cell/organ activity
6
Q
physiological roles of homrones
A
- affects metabolic processes
- contorls reproductive processes
- stimulate or inhibit cellular proliferation
- regulate excretion or reabsorption of inorganic materials
- permissive action on the effects of other hormones
7
Q
functional classification of intracellular signaling
A
- autocrine
- paracrine
- homrone
- neurohormone
- neurotransmitter
- pheromone
8
Q
autocrine
A
secreted by cells in a local area and icnluences the activity of the same cell type
9
Q
what is an example of autocrine intracellular signaling
A
prostaglandins
10
Q
prostaglandins
A
third class of pseudohormones
- derived from arachidonic acid
- has an inflammatory response to increase swelling and vasodilation
- sensitizes nociceptors and increases capillarily permeability
11
Q
paracrine intracellular signalling
A
produced by a wide variety of tiesues and screted into tissue spaces to cause a localized effect
12
Q
hormone intracellular signaling
A
secreted into the blood by specialized cells that travel some distance to target tissues and influence specific activities
13
Q
neurohormone intracellular signal
A
produced by neurons and functions like hormones
14
Q
neurotrasmitter intracellular signal
A
produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by presynaptic nerve terminals
15
Q
pheromone intracellular signal
A
secreted into te environment, modifies physiology and behavior of other individuals
16
Q
hypothalamic releasing hormes
A
- growth hormone releasing hormone
- thyrotropin releasing hormone
- gonadotropin releasing hormon
- corticotropin releasing hormone
17
Q
effect of growth hromone releasing hormone
A
- goes to the ant. pituitary to release growth hormone
- growth hormone affects the liver releasing insulin-like growth factor-1
- causes tissue and organ growth, fat metabolism
18
Q
how does GH relate to exercise intensity
A
proportional, when intensity increases GH will increase
- important to do compound movements for optimal growth
19
Q
what does IGF-1 do
A
stimulates cell growth and proliferation, inhibits apoptosis
20
Q
what happens with abuse of IGF-1
A
can allow for faster recovery but also enlarged organs and cancer
21
Q
effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone
A
- goes to the ant. pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone
- thyroid gland to release T3 and T4
- these hormones help with metabolism
22
Q
how is T4 and T3 affected with exercise
A
short term exercise = increase in T4
prolonged exercise (2-3 hours, long distance training) = T4 remains constant, decrease in T3 = change in basal metabolic rate
23
Q
effects of corticotropin releasing hormone
A
- stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone from the ant. pituitary
- releases cortisol from the adrenal cortex
24
Q
what does the release of cortisol do
A
- increases gluconeogensis, FFA metabolism and protein catabolism
- causes antiinflammatory: suppresion of imglammation bc no time for swelling in order to keep body moving
- causes antiimmmjume: easily get a cold if high stress but wouldn’t notice
25
what are the chronic effects of cortiso;l
sleep deprivation
gluconeogenesis ( want to prevent the breakdown of fat bc body recognizes in stress and doesn't want to die)
26
effects of gonadotrpin releasing hormone
- stimualtes release of LH and FSH in the ant. pituitary
- goes to the sex organs to stimulate hair growth or other sex hormones
27
steroid hormones
- derived from cholesterol
- lipid soluble
- can pass through membranes w/o interacting w/ membrane receptors
28
where are steroid hormone receptors located
inside the cell or the nucleus
29
what glands secrete steroid hormones
- adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone)
- ovaries (estrogen and progesterone)
- testes (testosterone)
- placenta (estrogen and progesterone)
30
nonsteroid hormones
- non lipid-soluble molecules that interact with membrane receptors
- two types: protein/peptide hormones, amino acids derived hormones
31
where are nonsteroid hormones receptors located
on/in the plasma membrnae
32
protein/peptide hormones
- most common type of nonsteroid hormone
- comes from hypothalamus, pancreas, and pituitary gland
33
amino acid derived hormones
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
adrenal medula hormones (epi, NE)
34
how are hormones secreted
- in bursts
- plasma concentrations fluctuate over min, hours, days, wks
35
what affects hormone secretion
- plasma concentrations (changes with exercise)
- light and dark cycles
36
how does plasma concentrations show hormone activity
- can understand hormone plasma concentrations by looking at the number of receptors on the cell surface
- up regulation and down regulation
- not a good indicator tho
37
what does up regulation of a receptor mean and tell us
- increases sensitivity to the hormone means that there could be low presence of a hormone or the effects of exercise
38
what does down regulation of a receptor mean and tell us
there is decreased sesnsitivity to a given hormone and therefore and overproduction
39
how does light and dark cycles regulate hormone bursks
- hormones are often released during sleep
- consistent transition between light and dark cycles are important
- less sleep = less est and test and can cause an increase in cortisol if not enough
40
how is hormone secretion regulated
by a negative feedback loop
41
how do hormone receptors limit effects
by having specific receptors for specific hormones
- must create e hormone receptor complex to cause an effect
42
how do non steroid hormones cause an effect
through G protien acitiviation
43
how do peptide hormones cause an effect
cyclic AMP pathway (second messenger mechanism)
44
what pathway does epinephrine use
cyclic AMP pathway
45
how do steroid hormones cause an effect
bind to a carreir protein to enter cells, will detach and create the hormone recptor complex and will enter nucleius
46
what pathway does aldosterone use
the steroid homrone pathway
47
what is released from the adrenal medulla
catecholamines (80% epi and 20% NE)
48
what is released from the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids)
49
what is released from the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
50
how does insulin affect the body
- lowers blood glucose to counter hyperglycemia and oppose glucagon
- increases glucose transport into cells (also amino acid)
51
what happens to insulin post exercise
it is high so eating carbs after exercise is prime environment for muscle growth bc of AA entering cells
52
how does glucagon affect the body
raises blood glucose to counter hypogluycemia and oppose insulin
increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
53
what is produced by the posteroir pituitary gland
oxitocin and ADH
- has powerful effects on pair bonding/relationship building
54
how is carb metabolism regulated
glucose must be available so there are many pathways like glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
- glucose is released from the liver during exercise (dependent on intensity and duration_
55
what homrones must be present in order to increase circulating glucose
glucagon, epi, NE, and cortisol
56
how does growth hormone affect glucose supplies during exercise
increase FFA mobilization and decrease cellular glucose uptake
57
how does exercise intentisy affect glucose
- increases catecholamine release
- glygocenolysis rate increases from the liver and muscles
58
what stores more glycogen
liver stores more but muscles stores more on average
59
how does glucose change with exercise duration
- more liver glycogen is utilized
- muscle glucose uptake increases = increase in liver glycose release
- as glycogen stores decrease glucagon levels increases
60
what happens to glucagon on the onset of exercise
quick increase and then plateus
61
what happens to cortisol on the onset of exercise
slight decrease in the beginings and then a quick increase and declines as duration continues
62
what happens to epinephrine and NE as exercise continues
a pretty much linear increase
63
how does glucose change during exercise
not much of an increase
64
how does exercise affect insulin effects in the body
insulin concentration decreases = cellular insulin sensitivity increase = uses less insulin but more glucose uptake
65
how is regulation of fat metabolism during exercise
- lipolysis stimulated by decreased insulin, epi, NE, cortisol, GH
- rate of triglyceride breakdown into FFAs may determine rate of cellular fat metabolism
66
regulation of fluid and electroluytes
through hormone release from post. pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, kidneys
67
how does the posterior pituitary gland regulate fluid and electrolytes
- secretes ADH: increase water reasborption, less water in uring for antidieruisis
- secretes oxytocin
68
what is the stimulus release for ADH release
decreases PV = increase in hemoconcetration = increase in osmolality = stimulus osmoreceptors in hypothalamus = increasing water retention
69
how does the adrenal cortex affect fluid and electrolyte regulation
secretes the mineralocorticoid aldosterone to increase sodium and water retention
70
what is the stimuli for aldosterone release
decreased plasma Na+, decrease BV + BP and increased plasma K+
71
what are the channels called taht allow for water reabsorption
aquaporins
72
how do the kidneys regulate fluids and electrolytes
the target tissue for ADH and aldosterone and will secretes erythropotetin and renin
73
what does EPO do for fluid and electrolyte regulation
stimulates red blood cell growth whcih willl increase PV over time (after 2 weeks of exericse)
74
how does renin regulate fluid and electrolytes
renin is stimulated by decreased BV and BP to start the angiotensin pathway
75
what hromones affect hunger and fullness
gherlin (hunger)
leptin (fullness)
