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pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary respiration

A

ventilation, the exchange of O2 + CO2 in the lungs

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the respiratory system during exercise

A
  • gas exchange between the environment and body
  • regulation of acid-base balance during exercise
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3
Q

function of the lung

A
  • means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body
  • ventialation
  • diffusion
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4
Q

parts of the respiratory system

A
  • nose + nasal cavities
  • pharynx + larynx
  • trachea + bronchial tree
  • lungs (alveoli)
  • diaphragm
  • epiglottis
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5
Q

what is the role of the epiglottis

A

increases intrabdominal pressure and support of the spine during valsalva maneuver

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6
Q

what are the two zones of the respiratory system

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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7
Q

conducting zone

A
  • transports air to reach brinchioles
  • no gas exchange
  • hudifies, warms, and filters air
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8
Q

respiratory zone

A
  • area of gas exhange
  • respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
  • no change in air flow
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9
Q

mechanics of breathing

A
  • air moves via bulk flow and pressure differences
  • inhalation: diaphragm pushes outward = ribs shift down = increase volume of lungs = intrapulmonary pressure lowered
  • expiration: diaphragm relazes, ribs pulled downards = decrease in lung volume
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10
Q

how does the pressure difference drive breathing

A
  • atmospheric at sea level is 760 mmHg vs a lung pressure of 758 mmHg = pulling air in
  • lung pressure then increases to 763 = exhalation
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11
Q

can respiratory muscles fatigue

A

normally no, only in experimental conditions it could eg at longer periods and at high intensity

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12
Q

how do muslces adapt to training

A
  • increase oxidative capcacity = improve respiratory muscle endurance = decreased work in breathing
  • increased myoglobin bringing more oxygen into muscles (increases mitochondria as well)
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13
Q

myoglobin

A

oxygen holding component of muscle that produces dark meat

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14
Q

what does air flow depend on

A

pressure differences and resitance in airways (diameter of tubes)

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15
Q

what are two conditions that relate to decreased diameter

A

chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma

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16
Q

chronic obstructive lung disease

A
  • increase airway resistance due to constant airway narrowing (not reversible) = decreased expiratory airflow
  • can be seen in chronic bronchitis, emphysema (airway collapse and swelling = bronchioles and alveoli lose elastic recoil = enlargement of structures)
  • increases work for breathing
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17
Q

asthma

A

results in bronchospams
- narrowing or airways increasing work of breathing
- reversbile conditions

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18
Q

exercise induced asthma

A

occurs during or imedietly following exercise
- may inpair exercise performance

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19
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs/min

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20
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moved/breath

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21
Q

breathing frequency

A

number of breaths/min

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22
Q

what is the equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume * breathing frequency

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23
Q

alveiolar ventialtion

A

volume of air that reaches the respiratory zoe

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24
Q

dead space ventialtion

A

the volume of air remaining in conducting airways

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25
what is another equation for pulmonary ventilation
alveolar ventilation + dead space ventialtion
26
spirometry
measurement of pulmonary volumes + rate of expire airflow
27
what is spirometry useful for
diagnosing lung disease - helps to see the vital capacity and forced expiratory volume
28
vital capacity
maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration
29
forced experiatory volume
volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration
30
what is a normal FEV1/VC ratio
greater or equal to 80%
31
ficks law of diffusion
(A/T)*D*(P1-P2) - helps to explaon that at increased altitudes = decreased pO2 = less force for air to come into lungs
32
what is the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli compared to inspired air
104 mmHg in alveoli comapred to 159 in inspired air - Lower pCo2
33
what is the pO2 in deoxygenated blood compared to expired air
40 mmHg in veins compared to 116 mmHg in expired air - higher pCO2
34
how does respiration change with age
decreased tidal volume and ventricular capacit
35
blood flow of the lung
pulmonary circuit has the same rate of flow as systemic circuit but lower pressure since not a far distance to travel
36
where is most of the blood flow when standing
the lower 1/3 of the lung
37
where is most of the blood flow during exercise
more at the apex of the lungs than at rest
38
what does the supine position do for breating
more unform blood flow recruiting more alveoli
39
what ocfurs in L side heart failure
back up in pulmonary circui bc fluid from the lungs cant go anywhere - will find fluid in the lungs
40
what occurs in R side heart failure
systemic circuit backs up = lower extremity edema
41
how is most of O2 transported in the body
via hemoglobin
42
oxyhemoglobin
Hb bound to O2
43
deoxyhemoglobin
Jb not bound to O2
44
what influences amount of oxygen being delivered q
the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood - each gram of Hb can transport 1.34 ml of O2
45
how much oxygen is in males
150 Hb/L blood * 1.34 = 200 mlO2/L blood
46
how much oxygen is in females
130 hB/L blood * 1.34 = 174 mlO2/L
47
what depends on the direction of reaction regarding deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
PO2 of the blood (high PO2 at the lungs favoring unloading where tissues have lower PO2 releasing O2 to the tissues and the affinity between Hb and O2
48
if a oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shows an upward shift (towards the left) what does this mean
there is a higher affinity for onloading
49
if an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shows a downward shift (towards the right) what dose this mean
there is lower affinity for onloading onto hemoglobin
50
under what pH and temp conditions does it have a higher affinity for onloading
increased pH and decreased temp
51
under what pH and temp conditions does hemoglobin have a lower affinity or increased unloading
decreased pH and increased temp
52
how does exercise affect the conditions of the blood
causes a lower pH in blood due to increased Co2 presence and dissociation into carbonic acid = lower affinity = O2 unlaoding
53
what is the role of myoglobin
myoglobin is the protein within muscle tissue that hold and transports O2 throughout muscle cells - shuttles to mitochondria from the cell membrane - Mb has a higher affinity fro O2 than Hb so will grab it
54
how would a dissociation curve look like for myoglobin compared to hemoglobin
since it has a higher affinity for O2 it would be shifted to the left even at low pressures
55
can myoglobin store O2
yes it is considered an O2 reserve for muscles
56
how is CO2 transported within the cells
- dissolved plasma - bound to Hb - Bicarbonate
57
how much of CO2 is dossolved in plasma
10%
58
how much of CO2 is boudn to Hb
20%
59
how much of CO2 is bicarbonate
70%
60
what occurs in the blood when CO2 is present
CO2 dissolved in plasma --> CO2 combined w/ hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin --> carbonic acid --> bicarbonate
61
what is bicarbonate
a base and blood buffer that prevents acidification in the blood

Ex Phys (12 decks)

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