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bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

bioenergetics

A
  • basic energy systems that help to control the rate of energy production
  • storing energy + interaction of different energy systems to convert substrates into energy
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2
Q

how do you measure energy release

A

through calclation of heat production
1 calorie = heat energy required to raise 1 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees celsius

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3
Q

substrates

A

fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP)
- the chemical bonds in foods store lots of high-energy

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4
Q

what are the types of substrates

A

carbohydrates, fat, protein

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5
Q

how are substrates used normally at rest

A
  • 50/50 carbs and fat as a baseline
  • depends on the individual and training
  • more aerobic = more fat metabolism at rest due to increase in mitochondria
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6
Q

how are substrates used during short duration exercise

A
  • more carbohydrates
  • ATP-Pc system and then fast glycolysis
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7
Q

how are substrates used during long duration exercise

A
  • carbohydrates and fats
  • slow glycolysis (aerobic)
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8
Q

what is the most efficient substrate and storage of energy

A

fat

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9
Q

what are carbohydrates converted to

A

all carbs are converted to glucose

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10
Q

how much energy is stored in the body in the form of carbs

A

4.1 kcal/gram of carbs
aprox 2,500 kcal of carbs

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11
Q

how does exercise change the amount of carbs stored in the body

A

increases carb stores making the body more efficient when storing carbs

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12
Q

what is the primary ATP substrate fro the muscles and the brain

A

carbohydrates
- the brain loves carbs and uses slow glycolysis

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13
Q

how do ketogenic diets affect the body

A
  • the brain has to get used to the use of protein as a substrate (gluconeogenesis)
  • takes about 3-5 wks to get used to
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14
Q

where do excess cars get stored

A

in the liver and muslces as glycogen
- and can be converted back to glucose when needed
- the body has limited glycogen stores though so any excess will be stored as fat

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15
Q

what is carb cycling

A
  • the oversaturation of carbs during training = more energy stored = potential better performance
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16
Q

how much energy is stored in fat

A

9.4 kcal/ 1 gram of fat
- approx 70,000 kcal stored in body

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17
Q

is fat storage bad

A

not always, its the bodys way of survival
- can be affected by eating habits (don’t eat a lot = stress = increase cortisol = store more fat)
- epigenetics: past survival strategies

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18
Q

how is fat used as an energy source

A

breaks down fat through lipolysis into glycerol and 3 FFA chains
- beta oxidation breaks down the FFAs and converts to Acetyl-CoA for ATP production in the Krebs

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19
Q

how does aerobic exercsie affect fat breakdown

A

increases mitochondira –> increases fat metabolism at rest after abt 6 wks of regular exercise

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20
Q

what are the types of fat in the body

A

subcutaneous fat: fat that lies below the skin
visceral fat: fat around muscles
intramuscular fat: marbling in muscles

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21
Q

how much energy is stored in protein

A

4.1kCal/ 1 gram of protein
- not a good energy source but used as a substrate during starvation

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22
Q

how are proteins used as a substrate

A
  • must be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis (unidirectional process)
  • or converted into FFAs via lipogenesis
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23
Q

how can fat increase with a high protein diet

A

via lipogenesis if there is too much it will go to be stored as fat

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24
Q

what controls the rate of energy production within the body

A

substrate availability
enzyme availability

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25
how does substrate availablity affect energy production
- energy released at a controled rate bsed on availability of primary substrate - mass action effect: more available substrate = higher pathway activity and excess = cells only rely on that energy substrate more than others
26
can humans convert sugar into fat
yes, but they cant convert fat into sugar only some animals can
27
how does enzyme availabilty affect energy production
more enzymes present can allow for more product
28
what is an enzyme
a biological molecule that lowers activation energy to allow for a chemical pathway to occur
29
how does exercise affect enzyme availability
it increases certain enzymes - aerobic = PFK, etc. - anaerobic = phosphorylase A + B
30
what are factors that affect enzyme activity
temperature and pH
31
how does temperature affect enzyme actiivty
If it is too hot it will cause problems to the enzyme = affecting ATP production - but small rises in body temp (like during exercise) are good and helps to increase enzyme activity
32
how does pH affect enzyme activity
reduces enzyme activity if too acididc
33
what are the three basic energy pathwasy
- ATP PCr system - glycolytic system - oxidative system
34
what is the ATP-Pcr system
- anaerboic metabolism, substrate level metabolism - used to reassemble ATP using phosphocreatine within cells due to limited ATP stores
35
what is the ATP for the ATP-PCr system
about 1 ATP / 1 phosphocreatine molecuel
36
what is the duration for the ATP-PCr system
3 -15 seconds
37
what is the glycolytic system
- anaerobic metabolism, fast system that takes over after ATP-PCr system is exhausted - uses sugar --> pyruvate --> lactic acid via glycolysis
38
glycolysis
a 2 step process that converts sugar into different products
39
what is the outcomes of the first step of glycolysis
3 carbon molecule, 2 ATP, 1 NADH
40
whats the difference between glucose entering glycolysis and glycogen entering glycolysis
glucose = 2 net ATP glycogen = 3 net ATP
41
what is the ATP yeld for the glycolytic system
2-3 mol ATP / 1 mol substrate
42
what is the duration of the glycotic system
15s - 2 min
43
what is the rate limiting enzyme for the glycolytic system
phosphofructokinase
44
NAD
nicotinimade adenine dinucletoide - hydrogen ion carrier that is important for the body during the ETC - this is common to be lost with age (no hydrogen = increases rate of aging = increase stress)
45
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide - similar to FAD a hydrogen ion acceptor and career
46
what is the oxidatve system for energy pathways
- slow oxidtative phosphorylation - long term exercise - most complex of the three systems - takes place in the mitochondria
47
what is the ATP yield for the oxidative system
depends on the substrate - 32-33 ATP/ 1 glucose - 100ATP / 1 FFA
48
what is the duration of the oxidative system
longer duration over 2 mins
49
what is are the general steps to the oxidative system
- glycolysis - krebs cycle - oxidative phosphorylation
50
oxidation of carbs
step 1: glucose enters step 2: 2 acetyl-coA are produced (2 complete Kreb's cycle), 2 ATP, H+, NADH, FADH step 3: H+ will go to the matrix of the mitochondria where ETC is located results in 2.5 ATP / 1 NADH and 1.5 ATP / 1 FADH2
51
oxidation of fat
step 1: break down of triglycerides via lipolysis (1 glycerol and 3 FFAs) step 2: beta oxidation of FFAs to produce acetyl-coA for the krebs cycle step 3: ETC
52
what is different about oxidation of fat
- requires 2 ATP at the beginig of beta oxidation, and required O2 - slower process than oxidation of glucose but will yield more ATP
53
how many Acetyl-CoA will come from a 16 carbon chain
8 acetyl-CoA
54
oxidation of protein
- gluconeogenesis is used to convert amino acids into usable substrates - not commonly seen only in starvation scenarios
55
what is used to regulate the krebs cycle
ID: isocitrate dehydrogenase
56
how can lactate be used as an energy source
lactate can recirculate back to the liver and reconvert to pyruvate --> glucose via gluconeogenesis
57
are all 3 systems active
yes, for all activities just will have a system that dominates
58
what factors determine oxidative capacity of a muscle
enzyme activity - fiber type composiiton, endurance training - O2 availability vs O2 needed
59
how does endurance training affect fiber type composition
type 1 fibers have greater oxidative capacity while type II are better for glycolytic energy - can help increase type II oxidative capacity by increasing the amount or size of mitochondria, and the amount of enzymes
60
how does exercsie intensity affect O2 concentrations in the muscle
- increase in intensity = increase in demand of ATP = increase O2 intake = increase in oxidative ATP production -
61
what is a way to estimate O2 use in a muscle
looking at the amount of O2 entering an leaving the lungs is an accurate estimate

Ex Phys (12 decks)

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