Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds - Spring 2016 > Renal - (Part 1) - Unit 3 > Flashcards

Renal - (Part 1) - Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of nephrons are present at birth?

A

100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kidneys control volume and composition of ECF and ICF, and control transfer of fluids and solutes across cell membrane. T/F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some electrolytes involved in the kidney’s?

A

H+, Na, K+, CL-, Bicarb, Sulfate, Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 hormones involved in balancing fluid and electrolytes?

A

ADH and Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tubules are more permeable to water when large concentrations exist ——> very concentrated urine —-> ____ (which hormone)

A

ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is it ADH or aldoesterone that works on distal tubules to change urine concentration by increased NA reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A high concentration of ______ increases Na and fluid reabsorption by tubules and decreases Na and fluid excretion in urine (also increases excretion of potassium)

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If more sodium is excreted than ingested, the result will be what? (2 things)

A

Fluid retention OR dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The amount of sodium reabsorbed controls the amount of fluid reabsorbed. T/F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The kidney’s produce ____-stimulating factor, which is involved in stimulating the production of red blood cells.

A

Erythropoietin-stimulating factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“I am stimulated when blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases, or when catecholamine secretion increases. What am I?”

A

Renin - renin stimulates angiotensins which increases BP and stimulates aldosterone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four parts of the renal system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some renal differences in kids?

A

Shorter urethra (organisms can reach the bladder easily), kidneys are less able to concentrate urine and less effective at acid/base balance until the age of 2, GFR is immature until the teen years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The young infant has an excessively high rate of glomerular filtration - T/F?

A

FALSE - GFR and reabsorbtion are very low in infants and young children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infants are prone to metabolic acidosis because they have low blood bicarb levels and they do not excrete hydrogen ions easily - T/F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If H+ builds up, blood becomes more alkalotic. T/F?

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The entire urinary tract should be free of microorganisms. T/F? If not, where?

A

FALSE - the lower third of the urethra usually has bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

UTI’s - where? Caused by what?

A

Upper and/or lower urinary tract. Can be bacterial, viral, or fungal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

UTI’s - ALWAYS symptomatic. T/F?

A

FALSE - not always.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

E-coli - usually the causative agent for UTI’s. T/F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

UTI’s - one of the biggest causes is urinary stasis. T/F?

A

Yup, usually due to neurogenic bladder or voluntarily holding in urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the peak age of urinary tract infections if not due to a structural defect?

A

2-6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In ALL age groups, females are more likely to have a UTI. T/F?

A

FALSE - males under 1 months are more likely to have a UTI due to increased structural abnormalities in this age group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Other than a longer urethra, males are at a decreased risk for UTI’s due to what?

A

Prostate secretions that have anti-bacterial properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Constipation increased the risk for UTI - T/F?

A

True - pushes on bladder and causes urinary stasis.

26
Q

What are some manifestations of a UTI?

A

Fever, incontinence, foul smelling urine, frequency/urgency/dysuria, abdominal or flank pain, hematuria, but can be vague in kids under age 2 OR look like GI illnesses.

27
Q

UTI - can be more serious, including high fever, leukocytosis, flank pain, and often pyelonephritis. T/F?

A

True

28
Q

How do we diagnose a UTI?

A

History and physical, urinalysis, urine culture (at least one bacteria in gram stain)

29
Q

How do we collect a clean catch from a girl?

A

Have her sit backward on the toilet - makes it easier to collect and helps her relax and separates the labia

30
Q

Have the person drink a lot before the urinalysis - T/F?

A

NO - it may dilute their urine and cause a false positive.

31
Q

How do we manage a UTI?

A

fluid intake (lowers the concentration of pathogens in the urine,improves blood flow), cranberry juice isn’t super helpful, antibiotics (iv for pyelonephritis), blood cultures to rule out sepsis,

32
Q

What is vesicoureteral Reflux?

A

Retrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureters and it increases infection.

33
Q

What is the difference between Primary reflux and secondary reflex (vesicoureteral reflux) ?

A

Primary - congenital anomalies that affect uterovesical junction - familial.

Secondary - due to acquired condition - UTI or obstruction.

34
Q

How do we diagnose vesicoureteral reflux?

A

Voiding cystoureterography - a catheter is used to inject die into bladder - graded 1-5

35
Q

How do we manage vesicoureteral reflux?

A

Most cases resolve, control infections, urine cultures, surgical reimplantation (for non-compliant families or severe cases), endoscopic procedures

36
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Urethral opening is located below the glans penis on ventral surface (bottom) - severe and often accompanied by a chordee (a ventral curvature of the pee pee)

37
Q

What is epispadias?

A

Opening on dorsal surface (top) - often associated with bladder exstrophy (protrustion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the abdominal wall)

38
Q

What is enuresis?

A

Bed-wetting in children who are beyond the age of typical voluntary bladder control - more common in boys, primary or secondary, and more common at night.

39
Q

When does enuresis typically top?

A

between ages 6-8

40
Q

To be considered enuresis, must occur twice weekly for __ months and the child must be at least __ years old.

A

3 months.

5.

41
Q

Secondary enuresis - can be due to a substance or medical condition such as diabetes. T/F?

A

True

42
Q

Enuresis - could indicate abuse. T/F?

A

True

43
Q

How do we diagnose enuresis?

A

Rule out other conditions like a UTI, diabetes, epilepsy, look at history, functional bladder capacity analysis (can hold their age + 2 in ounces), psych eval, baseline count of episodes

44
Q

how do we treat enuresis?

A

conditioning therapy (training the child to awake with a stimulus like an alarm), retention control (stretching the bladder by drinking and delaying urination/kegals), meds (tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine - anticholinergic effect on bladder, DDAVP - decreases night urinary output)

45
Q

what are the small round filters of the kidney called?

A

Glomeruli

46
Q

What is acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Autoimmune complex disorder - primary or systemic - it’s an inflammation of the glomeruli.

47
Q

What is APSGN?

A

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - a group A beta hemolytic streptoccocal infection can cause glomerulonephritis a few weeks later.

48
Q

All cases of strep have the potential to cause APSGN - T/F?

A

FALSE - only a FEW strands lead to glomerulonephritis

49
Q

Glomerulonephritis - can also be secondary to a skin infection called impetigo - T/F?

A

TRUE - impetigo, common during warmer months.

50
Q

Glomerulonephritis - an antigen is released from the streptococcal organism that leads to the formation of antibodies and an immune-complex reaction, those complexes get trapped in the glomerular capillary loop and then the basement membrane of the glomerulus is filled with immune complex deposits. T/F?

A

TRUE

51
Q

The capillaries of the glomeruli are occluded - does the GFR increase or decrease?

A

DECREASE

52
Q

If the GFR is decreased, what happens to renal blood flow?

A

It is NOT greatly decreased, so there is water/sodium retention.

53
Q

If water and sodium retention is up, what symptoms would be expected?

A

Hypertension and edema

54
Q

Why do we see hematuria in glomerulonephritis?

A

Glomerulus is no longer selectively permeable so blood and protein can filter through.

55
Q

Glomerulonephritis - lots of protein. T/F?

A

NO NO NO. Not a lot present in the urine.

56
Q

What are some other manifestations of glomerulonephritis?

A

Periorbital edema and puffy face, tea/cola colored urine, hematuria, generalized malaise/fatigue/anorexia, N/V, headaches, fever

57
Q

Glomerulonephritis is always self limiting and never leads to permanent sequlae - T/F?

A

FALSE - it usually is self-limiting. Causes reversible damage

58
Q

What are some other complications of glomerulonephritis?

A

Hypertensive encephalopathy (HTN causes protective vasoconstriction to fail which causes increased cerebral blood flow), cardiac decompensation r/t hypervolemia

59
Q

How do we diagnose glomerulonephritis?

A

Urinalysis (hematuria, SMALL amount of protein), blood work (may have elevated BUN and Cr), ASO titer (strep antibodies)

60
Q

How do we treat glomerulonephritis?

A

Manage at home (for stable people), hospitalization, Na/water restriction, diruetics, antihypertensives, no added salt, potassium restriction during oliguria

61
Q

Loop diuretics are used for moderate hypertension - T/F?

what do we use for severe hypertension?

A

TRUE

Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors.

Peds - Spring 2016 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions