Renal Outflow Disease Flashcards
what are renal outflow diseases?
- urinary tract infections
- urinary tract obstruction
- urinary tract malignancy
what are examples that may cause urinary tract obstruction?
- renal stones
- tumours
- prostatic hypertrophy
considering urine is sterile, what does the detection of bacteria within the urine imply?
there is infection present
what are some indicative signs within urine that there is infection of the urinary tract system?
- bacteria present
- white cells present
- blood in using
what sex is more likely to suffer from a urinary tract infection and why?
women
- anatomically their urethra is shorter than in men
what bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
E. coli
what is bladder inflammation known as?
cystitis
what are some predisposing factors that can make a person more likely to suffer from a UTI?
- poor bladder emptying
- low urinary flow rates
what are the symptoms of a UTI?
- dysuria
- urinary frequency
- cloudy urine
- offensive smelling urine
- supra-pubic pain
if a person becomes infected with a UTI, what can this lead to?
- cystitis
- renal infection
- prostate infection
what are the treatment options for a patient suffering from a UTI?
- increase fluid intake
- frequent micturation
- antibiotics may be required
what conditions may cause obstruction of the urinary tract?
- renal calculi
- prostatic disease
- urinary tract strictures
- external compression
what is prostatitis?
inflammation of the prostate
what is benign prostatic hypertrophy?
hyperplasia of the prostate
what cancer commonly occurs in the prostate?
adenocarcinoma
what are some symptoms of urine outflow obstruction?
- slow stream
- hesitancy
- frequency
- urgency
- nocturia
- incomplete voiding
what are the initial treatment options of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
drug based:
- alpha blocking drugs
- anticholinergic
- diuretics
if medical treatments dont work for benign prostatic hypertrophy, what are the surgical options?
- TURP (transurethral prostatectomy)
- robot-assisted prostatectomy (RALP)
- open prostatectomy
what does the PSA blood test look for?
- prostate specific antigen
what are the options of screening of prostate cancer?
- PSA blood test (not always diagnostic)
- mpMRI*** best
what are the treatment options for a patient suffering with prostate malignancy?
- radical prostatectomy
- radiotherapy
- hormone treatment
what hormones may be given to a patient suffering from prostate malignancy? what do these do?
- anti-androgens
- LHRH analogues
- block hormone dependent tumour growth
how are renal calculi treated?
with LITHOTRYPSY
