Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
what is diabetes mellitus?
abnormality of GLUCOSE regulation
what is diabetes insipidus?
abnormality of RENAL FUNCTION (WATER)
what does diabetes mellitus represent?
a series of metabolic conditions sharing the major characteristic of hyperglycaemia
what can exposure to chronic hyperglycaemia lead to?
increased risk of microvascular complications and long-term macrovascular disease
what tests are done to assess for diabetes mellitus?
- random plasma glucose
- fasting sugar
- glucose tolerance test
- HbA1C
what does the HbA1C test show?
a measure of how much haemoglobin has glucose residue stuck to it (data for a few weeks)
what does a resting blood glucose of 6.1-7.0 mmol/L suggest?
patient has Impaired Fasting Glucose, patient is likely to go on to develop diabetes
what does a blood glucose level of 7.8-11.1mmol/L, 2 hours after plasma glucose suggest?
patient has Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and is likely to go on to develop diabetes
what fasting blood glucose level does a patient suffering from diabetes have?
> 7mmol/L
what blood glucose levels will a diabetic patient have 2 hours after glucose?
> 11.1mmol/L
what occurs in Type One diabetes mellitus?
- insulin deficiency
- caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells
what is the cause of type one diabetes?
interplay between genetic and environmental factors
what determines the clinical presentations of Type One diabetes?
rate of destruction of pancreatic B cells (normally 80-95% destroyed before time of presentation)
what can type one diabetes lead to?
- hyperglycaemia
- ketoacidosis
what circulating antibodies are present in patients suffering from T1 diabetes?
- GAD
- ICA
- IAA
what is ketoacidosis?
condition in which the body cells cannot access glucose for metabolism so they start to metabolise fat which results in Ketones as end product (ketones are acidic)
what T1 diabetic patients typically present with ketoacidosis?
children
what age is the peak incidence of diabetes to show?
10-14 years (up to 60% of cases occur)
what is adult onset of diabetes known as?
LADA - latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (>25 years)
how does LADA present, compared to childhood/adolescence onset of diabetes?
- less weight loss
- less ketoacidosis
- GAD associated
what are the symptoms of T1 diabetes?
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- tiredness
what is polyuria?
- passing excessive urine
what is polydipsia?
extreme thirst/drink a lot
what occurs in an acute presentation of T1 diabetes?
- hyperglycaemia with diabetic symptoms
- ketoacidosis
what is type 2 diabetes normally associated with?
obesity and inactivity
what is the typical age that patients develop T2 diabetes?
> 40 years of age
what is type 2 diabetes characterised by?
defective and delayed insulin secretion and abnormal postprandial suppression of glucagon
