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1. Laboratory - Organ System Physiology > Renal Histology and Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Histology and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

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2
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

They form urine

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3
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

They transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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4
Q

What is the main function of the bladder?

A

Stores urine

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5
Q

How much urine can the bladder hold?

A

250-400 mls

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6
Q

What is the main function of the urethra?

A

To excrete urine from the bladder to outside the body

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7
Q

List the six functions of the renal and urinary systems.

A

Regulates blood volume by altering plasma volume and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Secretes erythropoeitin which stimulates the production of RBCs

Regulates ion concentration, which affects blood osmolarity

Converts vitamin D to calcitriol which increases calcium uptake in the GIT

Maintains acid/base balance of blood by conserving/eliminating H+/HCO-3

Conserves nutrients such as glucose that is essential for normal function of the nervous system

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8
Q

How does the renal and urinary system regulate blood volume?

A

By altering plasma volume and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

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9
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

It stimulates the production of RBC’s

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10
Q

Why is it important to regulate ion concentration?

A

As this affects blood osmolarity

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11
Q

What is vitamin D converted into by the urinary system?

A

Calcitriol

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12
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

It increases calcium uptake in the GIT

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13
Q

How is the acid/base balance of blood maintained?

A

By conserving/eliminating H+/HCO-3

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14
Q

Give an example of a nutrient that the renal system conserves?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

List the seven main parts of the kidney.

A

Renal capsule

Cortex

Medulla

Renal pyramid

Renal pelvis

Hilum

Ureter

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16
Q

List the four renal processes.

A

Filtration

Reabsorption

Secretion

Elimination/excretion

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17
Q

Explain the renal filtration process.

2

A

To filter the blood and extract what might potentially end up in the urine.

Blood goes in through the afferent arteriole and back out the efferent arteriole

18
Q

Explain the renal reabsorption process.

2

A

To reabsorb nutrients from renal tubules back into the blood in circulation.

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule carries out this function

19
Q

Explain the renal secretion process.

2

A

The loop of Henle catties out this function, the ascending and descending parts

Secretion of unwanted elements from circulation into renal tubules

20
Q

Explain the elimination/excretion process.

A

This is getting rid of the urine out of the body

21
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

22
Q

How many nephrons are found in the kidney?

A

Over 1 million nephrons

23
Q

List the different parts of the nephron’s renal corpuscle.

4

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

Afferent arteriole

Efferent arteriole

24
Q

List the different parts of the nephron.

5

A

Renal corpuscle

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting system/collecting ducts

25
Q

How can you tell a PCT from a DCT under a microscope?

A

PCTs are fuzzy while DCTs have an opening

26
Q

Why are PCTs fuzzy under a microscope?

A

They have simple cuboidal epithelia with microvilli

27
Q

What is the first place damaged during kidney disease?

A

The cortex

28
Q

What is urinalysis?

A

The physical and/or chemical examination of the urine

29
Q

What physical characteristics of urine are examined during urinalysis using a ‘dip-stick’?
(4)

A

Colour

Transparency

pH

Specific Gravity

30
Q

What organic components of urine are examined during urinalysis using a ‘dip-stick’?

A

Protein

Glucose

Haemoglobin

Ketones

31
Q

What colour should healthy urine be?

A

Pale yello

32
Q

Describe the transparency of healthy urine.

A

Clear

33
Q

What pH should healthy urine be?

A

4.5 - 8.0

34
Q

What specific gravity should healthy urine have?

A

1.001 - 1.030

35
Q

What does glucose in urine indicate?

A

Possible diabetes

36
Q

What does protein in urine indicate?

A

Indicates a UTI or kidney disease

37
Q

Why does pH of urine vary?

3

A

This is a reflection of a person’s diet

A lot of veg = alkaline

A lot of meat = acidic

38
Q

What does large amounts of ketones indicate?

A

You are metabolising fat - someone on a protein diet or a diabetic patient

39
Q

What does blood in urine indicate?

A

Indicates a UTI or menstruation in women

40
Q

What does wbcs in blood indicate?

A

A UTI

41
Q

Why do nitrites indicate an infection?

A

As they come from wbcs

1. Laboratory - Organ System Physiology (9 decks)

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