Renal/GU

Question 1

What is the most common symptom of BPH?

Answer 1

Urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, and weak stream

Question 2

What is the first-line treatment for BPH?

Answer 2

Alpha-1 blockers (e.g., tamsulosin)

Question 3

What is the role of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in BPH?

Answer 3

They reduce prostate size (e.g., finasteride) but may take months to show effect

Question 4

What is a key complication of untreated BPH?

Answer 4

Urinary retention and bladder hypertrophy

Question 5

What is a common finding on a digital rectal exam (DRE) in BPH?

Answer 5

Smooth, firm, enlarged prostate without nodules

Question 6

How is BPH diagnosed?

Answer 6

Clinically with symptoms and confirmed by elevated post-void residual volume or ultrasound

Question 7

What surgical options are available for BPH if medications fail?

Answer 7

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Question 8

How does BPH affect PSA levels?

Answer 8

BPH may cause mildly elevated PSA, but rapid increase may indicate malignancy

Question 9

What lifestyle changes can help manage mild BPH?

Answer 9

Limiting caffeine, alcohol, and evening fluid intake

Question 10

What imaging modality is used if malignancy is suspected in BPH?

Answer 10

Transrectal ultrasound or MRI

Question 11

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 11

Calcium oxalate stones

Question 12

What is the classic presentation of nephrolithiasis?

Answer 12

Sudden onset of severe flank pain radiating to the groin, hematuria

Question 13

What is the first-line imaging study for suspected kidney stones?

Answer 13

Non-contrast CT of the abdomen and pelvis

Question 14

What dietary modification can help prevent calcium oxalate stones?

Answer 14

Increasing fluid intake, reducing sodium, and avoiding oxalate-rich foods

Question 15

What size stone is likely to pass spontaneously?

Answer 15

Stones <5mm are more likely to pass without intervention

Question 16

What medication can be used to help facilitate stone passage?

Answer 16

Alpha-blockers such as tamsulosin

Question 17

What is the treatment for larger stones (>10mm) or those causing severe symptoms?

Answer 17

Ureteroscopy, shock wave lithotripsy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Question 18

What is the role of urinalysis in nephrolithiasis?

Answer 18

To detect hematuria and assess for infection

Question 19

What electrolyte abnormality increases the risk for uric acid stones?

Answer 19

Hyperuricemia

Question 20

What is the most effective way to prevent future kidney stones?

Answer 20

Increasing fluid intake to maintain a urine output of at least 2L/day

Question 21

What is phimosis?

Answer 21

Inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis

Question 22

What is paraphimosis?

Answer 22

Entrapment of the retracted foreskin behind the glans, causing a medical emergency

Question 23

What is the primary treatment for paraphimosis?

Answer 23

Manual reduction, followed by circumcision if necessary

Question 24

What is a common complication of untreated paraphimosis?

Answer 24

Ischemia of the glans leading to necrosis

Question 25

What conservative treatments are recommended for phimosis?

Answer 25

Topical corticosteroids and gentle stretching

Question 26

What are the indications for circumcision in phimosis?

Answer 26

Recurrent infections or urinary obstruction

Question 27

What causes paraphimosis?

Answer 27

Typically due to forceful retraction of the foreskin during catheterization or hygiene

Question 28

How can phimosis affect urination?

Answer 28

It may cause difficulty or pain with urination and ballooning of the foreskin

Question 29

What population is most commonly affected by phimosis?

Answer 29

Uncircumcised males, particularly children and older adults

Question 30

What is the definitive treatment for recurrent or severe phimosis?

Answer 30

circumcision

Question 31

What is the most common age group affected by testicular torsion?

Answer 31

Adolescents, ages 12-18 years

Question 32

What is the classic presentation of testicular torsion?

Answer 32

Acute onset of severe unilateral testicular pain with swelling, high-riding testicle

Question 33

What reflex is commonly absent in testicular torsion?

Answer 33

The cremasteric reflex

Question 34

What is the time frame for salvageability in testicular torsion?

Answer 34

Ideally within 6 hours of symptom onset to save the testicle

Question 35

What imaging is preferred for suspected testicular torsion?

Answer 35

Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow

Question 36

What is the definitive treatment for testicular torsion?

Answer 36

Immediate surgical detorsion and orchiopexy

Question 37

What physical exam finding suggests testicular torsion?

Answer 37

The affected testicle is often elevated and in a horizontal position (bell-clapper deformity)

Question 38

What physical exam finding suggests testicular torsion?What are the long-term complications if testicular torsion is not treated promptly?

Answer 38

Testicular necrosis and infertility

Question 39

What is the most common underlying cause of testicular torsion?

Answer 39

Congenital bell-clapper deformity

Question 40

How is the contralateral testicle managed during surgery for testicular torsion?

Answer 40

Prophylactic orchiopexy to prevent torsion in the future

Question 41

What is a common cause of urethral stricture in males?

Answer 41

Trauma or infection (e.g., sexually transmitted infections)

Question 42

What is the classic symptom of urethral stricture?

Answer 42

Weak urinary stream or difficulty voiding

Question 43

What is the diagnostic test of choice for urethral stricture?

Answer 43

Retrograde urethrogram

Question 44

What is the initial management for a short segment urethral stricture?

Answer 44

Dilation or urethrotomy

Question 45

What surgical option is considered for long or recurrent urethral strictures?

Answer 45

Urethroplasty

Question 46

What complication can result from untreated urethral stricture?

Answer 46

Recurrent urinary tract infections or urinary retention

Question 47

How can urethral stricture affect the bladder?

Answer 47

It may lead to bladder hypertrophy or diverticula

Question 48

What is a non-invasive method to evaluate suspected urethral stricture?

Answer 48

Flow rate studies or post-void residual measurement

Question 49

How does urethral stricture present on cystoscopy?

Answer 49

Narrowing of the urethral lumen

Question 50

What is the long-term outcome of untreated severe urethral strictures?

Answer 50

Renal damage due to backpressure on the urinary system

Question 51

What is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 51

Clear cell carcinoma

Question 52

What is the classic triad of symptoms in renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 52

Flank pain, hematuria, and palpable abdominal mass

Question 53

What imaging modality is most commonly used to diagnose renal neoplasms?

Answer 53

CT scan of the abdomen with contrast

Question 54

What is the primary treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 54

Radical or partial nephrectomy

Question 55

What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?

Answer 55

Painless gross hematuria

Question 56

What is the major risk factor for bladder cancer?

Answer 56

Smoking

Question 57

What is the typical treatment for superficial bladder cancer?

Answer 57

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) and intravesical chemotherapy

Question 58

What tumor marker is associated with testicular cancer?

Answer 58

Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-HCG, or LDH

Question 59

What is the gold standard treatment for seminoma?

Answer 59

Radical orchiectomy followed by radiation or chemotherapy

Question 60

What is the most important risk factor for testicular cancer?

Answer 60

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)