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Surgery EOR (billie) > Renal/GU > Flashcards

Renal/GU Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common symptom of BPH?

A

Urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, and weak stream

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2
Q

What is the first-line treatment for BPH?

A

Alpha-1 blockers (e.g., tamsulosin)

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3
Q

What is the role of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in BPH?

A

They reduce prostate size (e.g., finasteride) but may take months to show effect

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4
Q

What is a key complication of untreated BPH?

A

Urinary retention and bladder hypertrophy

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5
Q

What is a common finding on a digital rectal exam (DRE) in BPH?

A

Smooth, firm, enlarged prostate without nodules

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6
Q

How is BPH diagnosed?

A

Clinically with symptoms and confirmed by elevated post-void residual volume or ultrasound

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7
Q

What surgical options are available for BPH if medications fail?

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

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8
Q

How does BPH affect PSA levels?

A

BPH may cause mildly elevated PSA, but rapid increase may indicate malignancy

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9
Q

What lifestyle changes can help manage mild BPH?

A

Limiting caffeine, alcohol, and evening fluid intake

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10
Q

What imaging modality is used if malignancy is suspected in BPH?

A

Transrectal ultrasound or MRI

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11
Q

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

A

Calcium oxalate stones

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12
Q

What is the classic presentation of nephrolithiasis?

A

Sudden onset of severe flank pain radiating to the groin, hematuria

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13
Q

What is the first-line imaging study for suspected kidney stones?

A

Non-contrast CT of the abdomen and pelvis

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14
Q

What dietary modification can help prevent calcium oxalate stones?

A

Increasing fluid intake, reducing sodium, and avoiding oxalate-rich foods

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15
Q

What size stone is likely to pass spontaneously?

A

Stones <5mm are more likely to pass without intervention

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16
Q

What medication can be used to help facilitate stone passage?

A

Alpha-blockers such as tamsulosin

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17
Q

What is the treatment for larger stones (>10mm) or those causing severe symptoms?

A

Ureteroscopy, shock wave lithotripsy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy

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18
Q

What is the role of urinalysis in nephrolithiasis?

A

To detect hematuria and assess for infection

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19
Q

What electrolyte abnormality increases the risk for uric acid stones?

A

Hyperuricemia

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20
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent future kidney stones?

A

Increasing fluid intake to maintain a urine output of at least 2L/day

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21
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis

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22
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Entrapment of the retracted foreskin behind the glans, causing a medical emergency

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23
Q

What is the primary treatment for paraphimosis?

A

Manual reduction, followed by circumcision if necessary

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24
Q

What is a common complication of untreated paraphimosis?

A

Ischemia of the glans leading to necrosis

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25
Q

What conservative treatments are recommended for phimosis?

A

Topical corticosteroids and gentle stretching

26
Q

What are the indications for circumcision in phimosis?

A

Recurrent infections or urinary obstruction

27
Q

What causes paraphimosis?

A

Typically due to forceful retraction of the foreskin during catheterization or hygiene

28
Q

How can phimosis affect urination?

A

It may cause difficulty or pain with urination and ballooning of the foreskin

29
Q

What population is most commonly affected by phimosis?

A

Uncircumcised males, particularly children and older adults

30
Q

What is the definitive treatment for recurrent or severe phimosis?

A

circumcision

31
Q

What is the most common age group affected by testicular torsion?

A

Adolescents, ages 12-18 years

32
Q

What is the classic presentation of testicular torsion?

A

Acute onset of severe unilateral testicular pain with swelling, high-riding testicle

33
Q

What reflex is commonly absent in testicular torsion?

A

The cremasteric reflex

34
Q

What is the time frame for salvageability in testicular torsion?

A

Ideally within 6 hours of symptom onset to save the testicle

35
Q

What imaging is preferred for suspected testicular torsion?

A

Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow

36
Q

What is the definitive treatment for testicular torsion?

A

Immediate surgical detorsion and orchiopexy

37
Q

What physical exam finding suggests testicular torsion?

A

The affected testicle is often elevated and in a horizontal position (bell-clapper deformity)

38
Q

What physical exam finding suggests testicular torsion?What are the long-term complications if testicular torsion is not treated promptly?

A

Testicular necrosis and infertility

39
Q

What is the most common underlying cause of testicular torsion?

A

Congenital bell-clapper deformity

40
Q

How is the contralateral testicle managed during surgery for testicular torsion?

A

Prophylactic orchiopexy to prevent torsion in the future

41
Q

What is a common cause of urethral stricture in males?

A

Trauma or infection (e.g., sexually transmitted infections)

42
Q

What is the classic symptom of urethral stricture?

A

Weak urinary stream or difficulty voiding

43
Q

What is the diagnostic test of choice for urethral stricture?

A

Retrograde urethrogram

44
Q

What is the initial management for a short segment urethral stricture?

A

Dilation or urethrotomy

45
Q

What surgical option is considered for long or recurrent urethral strictures?

A

Urethroplasty

46
Q

What complication can result from untreated urethral stricture?

A

Recurrent urinary tract infections or urinary retention

47
Q

How can urethral stricture affect the bladder?

A

It may lead to bladder hypertrophy or diverticula

48
Q

What is a non-invasive method to evaluate suspected urethral stricture?

A

Flow rate studies or post-void residual measurement

49
Q

How does urethral stricture present on cystoscopy?

A

Narrowing of the urethral lumen

50
Q

What is the long-term outcome of untreated severe urethral strictures?

A

Renal damage due to backpressure on the urinary system

51
Q

What is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Clear cell carcinoma

52
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms in renal cell carcinoma?

A

Flank pain, hematuria, and palpable abdominal mass

53
Q

What imaging modality is most commonly used to diagnose renal neoplasms?

A

CT scan of the abdomen with contrast

54
Q

What is the primary treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma?

A

Radical or partial nephrectomy

55
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?

A

Painless gross hematuria

56
Q

What is the major risk factor for bladder cancer?

A

Smoking

57
Q

What is the typical treatment for superficial bladder cancer?

A

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) and intravesical chemotherapy

58
Q

What tumor marker is associated with testicular cancer?

A

Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-HCG, or LDH

59
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for seminoma?

A

Radical orchiectomy followed by radiation or chemotherapy

60
Q

What is the most important risk factor for testicular cancer?

A

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)

Surgery EOR (billie) (23 decks)

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