Renal Function Flashcards
Objective 1: List the four components of the urinary system
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
Objective 4: List three functions of the kidney, according to the lecturer
- Excretion
- Homeostatic Regulation
- Endocrine
Objective 5: Discuss the three basic processes involved in renal excretion (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion) according to whether these processes result in substances being conserved in the blood or whether the substances are ultimately excreted in the urine.
Filtration: in the urine
Secretion: in the urine
Reabsorption: in the blood
Objective 7: List two plasma constituents that are not normally filtered through the glomerulus
- Blood cells
- Proteins
Objective 8: Discuss glomerular filtration rate (GFR) according to:
a. Definition
b. Normal GFR in mL/minute
c. Two clinical uses of its measurement
d. Three forces which determine normal glomerular filtration pressure
a. The rate in mm/min that substances are filtered
through the kidney’s glomeruli
b. 125-130 mL/min
c. 1. # of functional nephrons
2. marker of changes in overall renal function
d. 1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Colloid osmotic pressure
3. Bowman’s Capsule pressure
Objective 9: Recognize substances reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
H2O, Cl, K, urea, Na, HCO3, glucose, amino acids, proteins, phosphate, sulfate, Mg, Ca, uric acid
Objective 10: List the specific renal threshold range for glucose
160 mg/dL
Objective 11: Briefly discuss the countercurrent mechanism, including:
a. Its major purpose
b. Where it occurs in the nephron
c. A differentiation of the histology of the descending and ascending limbs
d. The movement of sodium, chloride, urea, and water in or out of the renal tubules
a. Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, water, and urea with less energy
expenditure
b. Loops of Henle
c. Descending limb is permeable to water; Ascending limb is impermeable to
water
d. Descending limb: passive reabsorption of water and urea
Ascending limb: active reabsorption of sodium and chloride, secretion of urea
Objective 12: List three distinct regulatory functions of the distal convoluted tubule
- Acid-base
- Water
- Electrolyte
Objective 13: Recognize four substances that are normally reabsorbed and four substances that are normally secreted in the distal convoluted tubule and the specific hormone that exerts its effect on this site of the nephron
Reabsorbed: Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, water
Secreted: Potassium, Hydrogen, NH4+, uric acid
Hormone: Aldosterone
Objective 14: List the principal substances that are normally reabsorbed in the collecting ducts and the specific hormone that exerts its effect on this site of the nephron
Reabsorbed: water
Hormone: ADH
Objective 15: Discuss the following aspects of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA):
a. Function
b. Importance of its location
c. Specific functions of granular, macula densa, and mesangial cells
a. Regulates the function of the nephron
b. Critical to its function in regulating blood flow and GFR
c. Granular: secrets renin – the starting point of the RAAS
Macula densa: regulates sodium and chloride concentration
Mesangial cell: regulate the JGA via the sympathetic nervous system
Objective 16: Explain hypothalamic and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulation of water balance, including:
a. Three stimuli for the water output area of the hypothalamus
b. The primary stimulus for ADH release, according to the lecturer
c. The effect that ADH causes on the collecting ducts of the kidney
a. Hypertonic plasma
Decrease blood volume leads to a decrease in blood pressure
Angiotensin II (RAAS)
b. Hypertonic plasma
c. Reabsorption of water
Objective 17: Briefly explain sodium regulation, according to:
a. The renal handling of sodium in every major portion of the nephron
b. The effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in sodium regulation
c. Where aldosterone exerts its effect in the nephron
a. Sodium is exchanged with hydrogen ions all along the nephron
b. Increased sodium reabsorption
c. Distal Convoluted Tubule
Objective 18: Discuss the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system IN DETAIL, including the:
a. Specific site in the nephron where renin is produced
b. Three specific stimuli for renin release
c. Biochemical conversions from Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin II (Review Notepad)
d. Organs in which the above conversions occur
e. Four physiological effects of Angiotensin II (Review Notepad)
f. Effect of aldosterone on serum sodium and potassium levels
a. Granular cells of JGA
b. Decrease in renal perfusion pressure
Sympathetic nerve stimulation
Decrease in sodium concentration in DCT fluid
d. Liver and Lung
f. Increased sodium and decreased potassium
