Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IUCHEM > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Objective 1: Differentiate among the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins.

A

• Primary: specific sequence of amino acids
• Secondary: Recurring spatial arrangement in a 3-D space
• Tertiary: Folding into a 3-D conformation – confers specific biological properties
• Quaternary: Uniting of several proteins/protein + another structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Objective 2, Part B: Four examples of globular proteins

A

• Albumin (water-soluble – hydrogen bonding takes place outside the molecule)

• Globulins (water-insoluble – hydrogen bonding takes place on the interior of the molecule)

• Histones

• Protamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Objective 2, Part C. Three examples of fibrous proteins

A

• Collagen

• Elastin

• Keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Objective 2, Part D. Six examples of conjugated proteins

A

• Nucleoproteins
• Mucoproteins
• Glycoproteins
• Lipoproteins focus for clinical chemistry
• Metalloproteins
• Phosphorproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Objective 3. List eight biological functions of proteins, according to the lecturer. [DO NOT need to know all eight (8) – potential short answer exam question]

A

• Transport
• Receptors
• Catalysis
• Structure
• Nutrition
• Maintenance of oncotic pressure
• Host defense
• Hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Objective 4. Define “acute phase reactant” (APR), and list three negative acute phase reactants.

A

Proteins that increase/decrease in response to an acute phase infection/injury

• Prealbumin (Transthyretin)
• Albumin
• Transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Objective 5. Discuss the following aspects of nitrogen balance:

a. Definition
b. Differentiation between positive and negative balance and its impact on patient health
c. Two names for the plasma protein commonly analyzed for its assessment

A

• An equilibrium between intake and output of nitrogen

• Positive Nitrogen Balance: Intake exceeds use or output

• Negative Nitrogen Balance: Use or output exceeds intake

Good balance improves healing, etc. in patient and can aid in recovery from illness

Prealbumin (transthyretin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Objective 6. Explain “denaturation” according to the structures in Objective #1 above that it disrupts and processes that may denature proteins.

A

Disrupts the bonds that hold together the protein (secondary, tertiary, quaternary) – when this occurs it loses its biological function

• Extreme temperature (> 60 Celsius or freezing)
• pH change (strong acid or alkali)
• Detergents, metals, organic solvents
• Mechanical mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Objective 7. List the two GENERAL processes which may cause total protein abnormalities according to the lecturer.

A

• Relative (apparent) change: due to changes in water volume (i.e. dehydration)
• True (absolute) change: protein level is directly affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Objective 8. List causes of hyperproteinemia due to BOTH relative and absolute change in protein concentration.

A

Relative:
• Inadequate water intake
• Excessive water loss (i.e. severe vomiting, diarrhea)

Absolute: •	Increased production (i.e. malignancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Objective 9. List causes of hypoproteinemia due to BOTH relative and absolute changes in protein concentration.

A

Relative:
• Increased plasma water volume

Absolute:
• Increased loss (i.e. trauma, severe blood loss, severe burns)
• Low protein intake or starvation
• Decreased production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Objective 10: Define the terms “hemodilution” and “hemoconcentration.”

A

• Hemodilution: increase in body water, causing an apparent decrease in plasma protein concentration
• Hemoconcentration: decrease in body water, causing an apparent increase in plasma protein concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define “isoelectric point” (pl).

A

Is the pH at which an amino acid has a net charge of zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Discuss the importance of pH in determining the charge demonstrated by an amino acid, including the net charge on the amino acid at, above, or below a pH of 7.40.

A

Amino acids are amphoteric, meaning they contain two (2) ions within their structure. When pH > pl, NH3+ has an H+ removed resulting in a negative charge for the molecule. When pH < pi, COO- picks up a H+ resulting in a positive charge for the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transthyretin (Prealbumin)

a. Function?
b. Acute phase reactant (APR) properties?

A

a. Indicator of nutritional status – transports thyroid hormones, retinol

b. Negative acute phase reactant – decreases during acute stress on body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Albumin

a. Function?
b. Acute phase reactant (APR) properties?

A

a. Transport of water-insoluble compounds and maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure

b. Negative acute phase reactant

17
Q

List three general causes of hypoalbuminemia and conditions associated with each cause

A

Decreased production
a. Liver disease
b. Heredity analbuminemia

Decreased intake
a. GI disease
b. Starvation

Increase loss
a. Renal disease
b. Severe burns

18
Q

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

a. function
b. clinical significance of increase and decreased levels

A

a. Inactivates protease enzymes (so that we are unable to break down our own body tissues)

b. Increased in “stress” states (Positive APR)
Decreased in juvenile-onset cirrhosis and emphysema

19
Q

Alpha-1 Glycoprotein

a. function
b. clinical significance of increase and decreased levels

A

a. Inactivate progesterone

b. Increased in “stress”, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn’s disease
Decreased in malnutrition, liver damage, protein loss

20
Q

Alpha-1 Fetoprotein

a. source
b. clinical significance

A

a. Fetal liver

b. Prenatal marker for neural tube defects; increased in spina bifida and decreased in Down’s syndrome
Tumor marker

21
Q

List the names of the alpha-1 globulins

A

• Alpha-1 Antitrypsin
• Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein
• Alpha-1 Fetoprotein

22
Q

List the names of the alpha-2 globulins

A

• Haptoglobin
• Alpha-2 Macroglobulin
• Ceruloplasmin

23
Q

Haptoglobin

a. function
b. clinical significance of increase and decreased levels

A

a. binds free hemoglobin and transports it to the RES to be degraded

b. increased in “stress” states (Positive APR)
decreased in hemolytic anemia

24
Q

Alpha-2 Macroglobulin (NOT AN APR)

a. function
b. clinical significance of increase levels

A

a. functions as a protease inhibitor – helps break down of clot formed in coagulation

b. increased in nephrotic syndrome

25
Q

Ceruloplasmin

a. function
b. clinical significance of increase and decreased levels

A

a. functions as a copper-transporting protein

b. increased in “stress”, etc. (late positive APR)
decreased in Wilson’s disease [copper accumulations in the body]

26
Q

List the names of the beta globulins

A

• Transferrin
• Beta2 microglobulin
• C-Reactive Protein

27
Q

Transferrin

a. function
b. clinical significance

A

a. iron-transporting protein

b. Increased in iron-deficiency anemia and pregnancy
Decreased in “stress” [negative APR]

28
Q

Beta-2 Microglobulin

a. clinical significance

A

a. Measured to assess renal tubular function

29
Q

C-reactive Protein

a. function
b. clinical significance

A

a. sensitive, but non-specific marker for systematic inflammation (positive APR)

b. elevated in persons with CVD – strong predictor of future coronary events

30
Q

Name the five (5) immunoglobins

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. IgD
  5. IgE
31
Q

IgG

a. Function

A

a. the major anti-viral and anti-bacterial antibody

32
Q

IgA

a. Function

A

a. provide external surface protection against microorganisms

33
Q

IgM

a. Function

A

a. first immunoglobulin produced during an immune response; does not cross placenta

34
Q

IgD

a. Function

A

a. activation of B-lymphocytes, second immunoglobulin to appear during immune response

35
Q

IgE

a. Function

A

a. associated with allergic responses

36
Q

Multiple Myeloma

a. Clinical symptoms for multiple myeloma
b. Laboratory findings associated with the disease
c. The specific source of the paraprotein for the disorder.

A

a. bone pain; “punched out” lesions on x-ray

b. plasma protein increased
paraproteins present
hyperviscosity of plasma,
Bence-Jones protein in urine

c. IgG, IgA

37
Q

Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia

a. Clinical symptoms
b. Laboratory findings associated with the disease, specifically the antibody elevation
c. The specific source of the paraprotein for the disorder.

A

a. Weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss

b. increase in IgM, plasma hyperviscovity, Bence-Jones protein in urine

c. IgM

38
Q

Differentiate the following terms:

a. Monoclonal gammopathy
b. Polyclonal gammopathy
c. Hypogammaglobulinemia
d. Agammaglobulinemia

A

a. An increase in one type of the immunoglobins

b. An increase of a mixture (more than two) of immunoglobins

c. Lack of one or more immunoglobins

d. Absence of immunoglobins

IUCHEM (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions