RENAL FC

Question 1

2 key hemodynamic changes associated with diabetic nephropathy

Answer 1

Glomerular Hyperfiltration and Glomerular Hypertension

Question 2

4 renal complications of diabetes

Answer 2

1. Diabetes nephropathy.
2. T4 RTA.
   3.Increase Risk of Infections
3. Papillary Necrosis

Question 3

How does hyperglycemia lead to formation of excess BM material?

Answer 3

AGE’s bind to RAGE.
T cells & MΦ = Excess BM material.
Vasc. SMC = synthesis of ECM .
Accumulation of ECM Proteins

Question 4

Pre renal cause of acute kidney injury due to volume sequestration.

Answer 4

Pancreatits Peritonitis and Rhabdomyolysis

Question 5

Gross Morphology of reflux associated chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 5

Scarred upper and lower poles with deformed and blunt calyces

Question 6

Important renal manifestation of invasive cervical cancer

Answer 6

Bilateral hydronephrosis and renal failure

Question 7

Morphology of analgesic nephropathy

Answer 7

Papillary necrosis associated with dystrophic calcification

Question 8

2 microscopic features of chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 8

Thyroidization of tubules and Chronic Interstitial Inflammation and fibrosis

Question 9

Morphology of ATN

Answer 9

Casts in tubular lumen

Question 10

Mechanism of Drug induced AIN

Answer 10

Haptens -> bind to membrane -> IgE or Cell mediated Rx against tubular or cells in the BM

Question 11

Radiological finding associated with acute pyelonephritis

Answer 11

Striated nephrogram

Question 12

Deficiency in what enzyme necessary for breaking down bone within osteoclasts presents with RTA

Answer 12

Carbonic Anhydrase II.
Def triad= Osteopetrosis + Renal Tubular Acidosis + Cerebral Calcification

Question 13

MC cause of AKI

Answer 13

ATN

Question 14

Complications of Acute Pyelonephritis

Answer 14

• Papillary Necrosis
• Perinephric Abscess
• Pyonephrosis
• Sepsis
• Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 15

Why is the medulla Spared in diffuse cortical Necrosis

Answer 15

Vasa Recta that supply arterial blood to the medulla arise from JXM efferent arterioles which are before vessesls that supply the outer cortex

Question 16

Morphology of obstruction associated chronic pyelonephririts

Answer 16

Diffuse scarring and Thinned out cortex

Question 17

4 renal complications of sickle cell

Answer 17

• renal infarct
• hematuria
• Hyposthenuria (low solutes in urine)
• Papillary Necrosis

Question 18

Intrinsic cause of AKI

Answer 18

• Drug induced ATN
• Occlusion of large vessels
• obstruction
• glomerular dz’s

Question 19

2 Consequences of PUV

Answer 19

CKD and VUR

Question 20

Diagnostic study of preference for VUR

Answer 20

voiding cystourethrography

Question 21

MC cause of urinary obstruction in newborn male

Answer 21

PUV

Question 22

Marker of renal dysfunction (other than Cr) less dependent on age, sex, race, and muscle mass

Answer 22

Cystatin C- Cysteine protease inhibitor produced by nucleated cells filtered but not secreted.

Question 23

Secondary Hyperparathyroid Bone related consequence of CKD

Answer 23

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica

Question 24

Casts in CKD

Answer 24

Waxy Casts

Question 25

Anemia seen in CKD

Answer 25

Normocytic Normochromic

Question 26

Mut in ARPCKD and what it codes for

Answer 26

PDKH1 = fibrocystin

Question 27

Precursor lesion of Nephroblastoma

Answer 27

Nephrogenic Cysts

Question 28

What are nephrogenic cysts

Answer 28

Small foci of persistent blasternal cells (small blue cells) and increase risk in developing Wilms in contra lateral kidney

Question 29

Microscopic finding in nephroblastoma

Answer 29

Blasternal- small blue cells. Stromal- Spindle cells with smooth muscle/ fibroblast differentiation. Epithelial-abortive tubules or glomeruli

Question 30

Clinical significance of renal adenoma

Answer 30

Resemblance to Papillary RCC, Missing perinuclear halo

Question 31

Molecular basis of neuroblastoma

Answer 31

N- Myc

Question 32

MC type RCC

Answer 32

clear cell

Question 33

Microscopic finding in Clear cell RCC

Answer 33

Tumors arranged in solid sheets to tubular or trabecular pattern with branching vasculature and clear cytoplasm

Question 34

Clear Cell RCC arise from what cell

Answer 34

Proximal tubular epithelium

Question 35

Papillary RCC arise from what cell

Answer 35

Distal Tubular epithelium

Question 36

RCC Paraneoplasms

Answer 36

Hypercalcemia PCV Stauffers Syndrome

Question 37

RCC Progrnosis

Answer 37

depth of invasion

Question 38

Prognosis of Wilms

Answer 38

Anaplasma

Question 39

Angiomyolipoma clinical complication

Answer 39

spon taneous hemorrhage

Question 40

Neuroblastoma IHC

Answer 40

Chromogranin/synaptophysin Neurofilament Enolase

Question 41

Neuroblastome microscopy

Answer 41

Homer Wright pseudorosette

Question 42

Neuroblastoma UA

Answer 42

Elevated VMA and HVA

Question 43

Neurocutaneous related to RCC

Answer 43

VHL

Question 44

VHL associated syndrome

Answer 44

HIPPEL. - Hemangioblastoma - Increased risk of RCC - Pheochromocytoma - Pancreatic Lesions - Eye Lesions

Question 45

Neurocutaneous related to angiomyolipoma

Answer 45

Tubero Sclerosis

Question 46

Cells of origin in Oncocytoma

Answer 46

Intercalated cells of collecting ducts

Question 47

RF for TCC

Answer 47

Pee SAC - Phenacetin - Smoking / Schistosoma Hematobium - Aryl Amines (dye) / Analgesics - Cyclophosphamide

Question 48

Bladder wall protrusion into Vagina

Answer 48

Cystocele

Question 49

Conditions predisposing bladder to adenocarcinoma

Answer 49

Exstrophy of the bladder and Patent Urachus

Question 50

Bladder morphology with obstruction

Answer 50

Detrusor sm hypertrophy and trabeculation

Question 51

Urge Incontinence underlying defect

Answer 51

detrusor hyperactivity

Question 52

Stress Incontinence defect

Answer 52

Super imposed stress on bladder, weak pelvic floor or urethral sphincter

Question 53

Overflow Incontinence Defect

Answer 53

Obstruction