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Selfmade > RENAL FC > Flashcards

RENAL FC Flashcards

1
Q

2 key hemodynamic changes associated with diabetic nephropathy

A

Glomerular Hyperfiltration and Glomerular Hypertension

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2
Q

4 renal complications of diabetes

A
  1. Diabetes nephropathy.
  2. T4 RTA.
    3.Increase Risk of Infections
  3. Papillary Necrosis
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3
Q

How does hyperglycemia lead to formation of excess BM material?

A

AGE’s bind to RAGE.
T cells & MΦ = Excess BM material.
Vasc. SMC = synthesis of ECM .
Accumulation of ECM Proteins

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4
Q

Pre renal cause of acute kidney injury due to volume sequestration.

A

Pancreatits Peritonitis and Rhabdomyolysis

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5
Q

Gross Morphology of reflux associated chronic pyelonephritis

A

Scarred upper and lower poles with deformed and blunt calyces

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6
Q

Important renal manifestation of invasive cervical cancer

A

Bilateral hydronephrosis and renal failure

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7
Q

Morphology of analgesic nephropathy

A

Papillary necrosis associated with dystrophic calcification

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8
Q

2 microscopic features of chronic pyelonephritis

A

Thyroidization of tubules and Chronic Interstitial Inflammation and fibrosis

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9
Q

Morphology of ATN

A

Casts in tubular lumen

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10
Q

Mechanism of Drug induced AIN

A

Haptens -> bind to membrane -> IgE or Cell mediated Rx against tubular or cells in the BM

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11
Q

Radiological finding associated with acute pyelonephritis

A

Striated nephrogram

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12
Q

Deficiency in what enzyme necessary for breaking down bone within osteoclasts presents with RTA

A

Carbonic Anhydrase II.
Def triad= Osteopetrosis + Renal Tubular Acidosis + Cerebral Calcification

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13
Q

MC cause of AKI

A

ATN

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14
Q

Complications of Acute Pyelonephritis

A
  • Papillary Necrosis
  • Perinephric Abscess
  • Pyonephrosis
  • Sepsis
  • Chronic Pyelonephritis
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15
Q

Why is the medulla Spared in diffuse cortical Necrosis

A

Vasa Recta that supply arterial blood to the medulla arise from JXM efferent arterioles which are before vessesls that supply the outer cortex

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16
Q

Morphology of obstruction associated chronic pyelonephririts

A

Diffuse scarring and Thinned out cortex

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17
Q

4 renal complications of sickle cell

A
  • renal infarct
  • hematuria
  • Hyposthenuria (low solutes in urine)
  • Papillary Necrosis
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18
Q

Intrinsic cause of AKI

A
  • Drug induced ATN
  • Occlusion of large vessels
  • obstruction
  • glomerular dz’s
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19
Q

2 Consequences of PUV

A

CKD and VUR

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20
Q

Diagnostic study of preference for VUR

A

voiding cystourethrography

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21
Q

MC cause of urinary obstruction in newborn male

A

PUV

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22
Q

Marker of renal dysfunction (other than Cr) less dependent on age, sex, race, and muscle mass

A

Cystatin C- Cysteine protease inhibitor produced by nucleated cells filtered but not secreted.

23
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroid Bone related consequence of CKD

A

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica

24
Q

Casts in CKD

A

Waxy Casts

25
Q

Anemia seen in CKD

A

Normocytic Normochromic

26
Q

Mut in ARPCKD and what it codes for

A

PDKH1 = fibrocystin

27
Q

Precursor lesion of Nephroblastoma

A

Nephrogenic Cysts

28
Q

What are nephrogenic cysts

A

Small foci of persistent blasternal cells (small blue cells) and increase risk in developing Wilms in contra lateral kidney

29
Q

Microscopic finding in nephroblastoma

A

Blasternal- small blue cells.
Stromal- Spindle cells with smooth muscle/ fibroblast differentiation.
Epithelial-abortive tubules or glomeruli

30
Q

Clinical significance of renal adenoma

A

Resemblance to Papillary RCC, Missing perinuclear halo

31
Q

Molecular basis of neuroblastoma

A

N- Myc

32
Q

MC type RCC

A

clear cell

33
Q

Microscopic finding in Clear cell RCC

A

Tumors arranged in solid sheets to tubular or trabecular pattern with branching vasculature and clear cytoplasm

34
Q

Clear Cell RCC arise from what cell

A

Proximal tubular epithelium

35
Q

Papillary RCC arise from what cell

A

Distal Tubular epithelium

36
Q

RCC Paraneoplasms

A

Hypercalcemia
PCV
Stauffers Syndrome

37
Q

RCC Progrnosis

A

depth of invasion

38
Q

Prognosis of Wilms

A

Anaplasma

39
Q

Angiomyolipoma clinical complication

A

spon taneous hemorrhage

40
Q

Neuroblastoma IHC

A

Chromogranin/synaptophysin
Neurofilament
Enolase

41
Q

Neuroblastome microscopy

A

Homer Wright pseudorosette

42
Q

Neuroblastoma UA

A

Elevated VMA and HVA

43
Q

Neurocutaneous related to RCC

A

VHL

44
Q

VHL associated syndrome

A

HIPPEL.
- Hemangioblastoma
- Increased risk of RCC
- Pheochromocytoma
- Pancreatic Lesions
- Eye Lesions

45
Q

Neurocutaneous related to angiomyolipoma

A

Tubero Sclerosis

46
Q

Cells of origin in Oncocytoma

A

Intercalated cells of collecting ducts

47
Q

RF for TCC

A

Pee SAC
- Phenacetin
- Smoking / Schistosoma Hematobium
- Aryl Amines (dye) / Analgesics
- Cyclophosphamide

48
Q

Bladder wall protrusion into Vagina

A

Cystocele

49
Q

Conditions predisposing bladder to adenocarcinoma

A

Exstrophy of the bladder and Patent Urachus

50
Q

Bladder morphology with obstruction

A

Detrusor sm hypertrophy and trabeculation

51
Q

Urge Incontinence underlying defect

A

detrusor hyperactivity

52
Q

Stress Incontinence defect

A

Super imposed stress on bladder, weak pelvic floor or urethral sphincter

53
Q

Overflow Incontinence Defect

A

Obstruction

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