Renal failure and assessment Flashcards
Azotaemia means?
Abnormally high levels of nitrogen containing compounds in the blood
Uraemia means?
Increased levels of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the blood.
Isothenuria means?
The excretion of urine with specific gravity that is neither more nor less concentrated than that of protein
free plasma. Typically between 1.008 — 1.012 and it represents renal tubular damage. Failure to
produce concentrated urine.
Hyposthenuria means?
Secretion of urine of low specific gravity due to inability of kidney to concentrate urine normally
Hypersthenuria means?
Excretion of urine with high specific gravity and high concentration of solutes- Resulting usually from
loss or deprivation of water- suggests loss of solutes without water- indicating dehydration
Oliguria means?
Production of abnormally small amounts of urine.
Anuria means?
Failure of the kidneys to produce urine
How much urine will a normal dog, cat and horse pass in 24 hours (in mI/kg)?
Dog- 20-4Omls/kg/day
Cat- 28mg/kg/day
Horse- l00mgs/kg/day
Polyuria means?
production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine
Polydipsia means?
excessive thirst, commonly linked to diabetes
What is the Endocrine function of the kidney?
— Erythropoietin
— Calcitriol
- Renin
How does the kidney function to maintain the internal milieu?
— Water balance
— Electrolyte balance
— Acid base balance
In renal damage when glomerular damage has happened?
There will be filtration GFR failure.
In renal damage when Tubules are damaged what problems will you see?
— problems secretion and reabsorption stuff from urine.
In renal damage where the Interstitium is damaged you will see?
—difficulty concentrating ability of urine.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is?
The volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time.
Renal clearance depends on?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular reabsorption, AND tubular secretion.
In addition to urinary secretion what other types of secretions are there?
Biliary, pulmonary, and salivary excretion. Each
of these will contribute a clearance term to the
total body clearance
EXPERIMENTALLY GFR may be measured by using the clearance of?
— Inulin
— Creatinine
Why is creatinine a good substance for measuring GFR?
Creatinine is freely filtered by the glomerulus so it’s clearance is therefore a close approximation of GFR.
What are some of the drawbacks of using Creatinine (from muscle) as a GFR marker?
— Affected by non-renal factors (low muscle mass= low
creatinine levels, protein in diet, bleeding into gut.)
— Only change in advanced renal failure
What percentage of nephrons must be lost for it to affect BUN and Creatinine levels?
70-75%
In Hyperglycaemia the PCT has a threshold it has a limit to which it can absorb before glucose is excreted into urine, what is this threshold?
Limit to which PCT can absorb glucose >lOmmol in
blood.
What are casts?
— Protein/cell collections moulded in lumen of
tubules
— Suggests tubule disease/damage
— Change in type according duration of urine
stasis?
Which of these casts: waxy or granular suggest the longest stasis?
Waxy.
