Renal failure and assessment

Question 1

Azotaemia means?

Answer 1

Abnormally high levels of nitrogen containing compounds in the blood

Question 2

Uraemia means?

Answer 2

Increased levels of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the blood.

Question 3

Isothenuria means?

Answer 3

The excretion of urine with specific gravity that is neither more nor less concentrated than that of protein
free plasma. Typically between 1.008 — 1.012 and it represents renal tubular damage. Failure to
produce concentrated urine.

Question 4

Hyposthenuria means?

Answer 4

Secretion of urine of low specific gravity due to inability of kidney to concentrate urine normally

Question 5

Hypersthenuria means?

Answer 5

Excretion of urine with high specific gravity and high concentration of solutes- Resulting usually from
loss or deprivation of water- suggests loss of solutes without water- indicating dehydration

Question 6

Oliguria means?

Answer 6

Production of abnormally small amounts of urine.

Question 7

Anuria means?

Answer 7

Failure of the kidneys to produce urine

Question 8

How much urine will a normal dog, cat and horse pass in 24 hours (in mI/kg)?

Answer 8

Dog- 20-4Omls/kg/day
Cat- 28mg/kg/day
Horse- l00mgs/kg/day

Question 9

Polyuria means?

Answer 9

production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine

Question 10

Polydipsia means?

Answer 10

excessive thirst, commonly linked to diabetes

Question 11

What is the Endocrine function of the kidney?

Answer 11

— Erythropoietin
— Calcitriol
- Renin

Question 12

How does the kidney function to maintain the internal milieu?

Answer 12

— Water balance
— Electrolyte balance
— Acid base balance

Question 13

In renal damage when glomerular damage has happened?

Answer 13

There will be filtration GFR failure.

Question 14

In renal damage when Tubules are damaged what problems will you see?

Answer 14

— problems secretion and reabsorption stuff from urine.

Question 15

In renal damage where the Interstitium is damaged you will see?

Answer 15

—difficulty concentrating ability of urine.

Question 16

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is?

Answer 16

The volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time.

Question 17

Renal clearance depends on?

Answer 17

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular reabsorption, AND tubular secretion.

Question 18

In addition to urinary secretion what other types of secretions are there?

Answer 18

Biliary, pulmonary, and salivary excretion. Each
of these will contribute a clearance term to the
total body clearance

Question 19

EXPERIMENTALLY GFR may be measured by using the clearance of?

Answer 19

— Inulin

— Creatinine

Question 20

Why is creatinine a good substance for measuring GFR?

Answer 20

Creatinine is freely filtered by the glomerulus so it’s clearance is therefore a close approximation of GFR.

Question 21

What are some of the drawbacks of using Creatinine (from muscle) as a GFR marker?

Answer 21

— Affected by non-renal factors (low muscle mass= low
creatinine levels, protein in diet, bleeding into gut.)
— Only change in advanced renal failure

Question 22

What percentage of nephrons must be lost for it to affect BUN and Creatinine levels?

Answer 22

70-75%

Question 23

In Hyperglycaemia the PCT has a threshold it has a limit to which it can absorb before glucose is excreted into urine, what is this threshold?

Answer 23

Limit to which PCT can absorb glucose >lOmmol in

blood.

Question 24

What are casts?

Answer 24

— Protein/cell collections moulded in lumen of
tubules
— Suggests tubule disease/damage
— Change in type according duration of urine
stasis?

Question 25

Which of these casts: waxy or granular suggest the longest stasis?

Answer 25

Waxy.