Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Science 2016 > Renal Disorders > Flashcards

Renal Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functions of the kidney

A

homeostasis of the internal environment
maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
secretion of : erythropoietin, renin, dihydroxy vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Filtration pressure

A

net pressure forcing fluid out of the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GLomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

the filtration of plasma per unit of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

renal clearance

A

volume of blood plasma cleared of a waste produce in 1min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

filtration pressure

A

net pressure forcing fluid out of the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

factors that affect filtration

A

changes in hydrostatic pressure
changes in the diameter of the afferent or efferent arterioles
large molecules like plasma proteins cannot move through small pores in glomerular membranes
negative charge along the filtration membrane impedes filtration of negatively charged particles as they repel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GFR is dependent on

A

permeability of capillary walls
vascular pressure
filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

eGFR

A

based on blood and calculation of a formula using age, ethnicity and gender
results give the range of variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Obstructive Uropathy

A

any condition causing a change in the normal urine flow anywhere within the urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Consequences of obstructive uropathy

A

pain caused by distension caused by blockage

urine output varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal calculi

A

masses of crystals, proteins, other substances
usually bilateral
if flow blocked, urine backs up in pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydroureter

A

obstruction of the ureter with accumulation of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

retrograde increases in hydrostatic pressure in the renal pelvis and calyces can increase accumulation of urine in the renal collecting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical manifestations of hydroureter or hydronephrosis

A

pain - colicky with stones
bladder symptoms
unilateral obstruction, complete or partial is often asymptomatic
bilateral partial obstruction - cant concentrate urine
bilaterial complete obstruction - oliguria/anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of kidney stones

A

calcium
struvite
uric acid
cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PAtho of kidney stones

A 
high urinary concentration of stone forming substances
changes in pH and temp
drugs and diet
decreased urinary flow
grow in the renal papilla or pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Risk factors for kidney stones

A

calcium stones - smallest, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria
struvite stones - women infected by microbes
urice acid stones - ulcerative colitis or regionial enteritis with fluid and bicarbonate loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cyteinuria

A

rare hereditary disorder
disorder of amino acid metabolism
decreased tubular reabsorption of cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Patho of cyteinuria

A

high levels of stone forming substances in plasma and urine, some medications, loss of inhibitors of precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

clinical manifestations of cyteinuria

A

colicky pain, flank pain, nausea and vomiting, haematuria

21
Q

Bladder-prostate enlargement

A

stone blocks exit from bladder when muscle contract

22
Q

treatment and management of bladder-prostate enlargement

A

adequate analgesia and high fluid intake
treat infection
dissolve stones and prevent reformation

23
Q

How to dissolve stones

A

increase fluid intake and urine output
decrease dietary intake of stone forming substances
durgical removal of stones greater than 0.5cm width
percutaneous puncture of kidney with forceps removal
shock wave lithotripsy for large calcium stones

24
Q

predisposing factors for kidney stones

A 
family history
diabetes
chronic disease
renal calculi
urinary tract obstruction 
immunosuppression 
pregnancy
prostate disease in older men
25
Q

Autoregulation

A

the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAA) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are the feedback loop systems maintaining homeostasis in the body
keeps pressure in the glomerulus within a wide range of systemic blood pressures

26
Q

Kidney Dysfunction

A

inadequate urine output

Impaired homeostasis, conversion of vitamin D to the active form and secretion of erythropoietin

27
Q

Injury to glomerulus

A

increased permeability of the capillary membrane
larger molecules can cross: RBC, epithelial casts, proteins
decreased oncotic pressure = decreased GFR = urine output

28
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

characterised by inflammation of the glomerulus

primary: rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
secondary: to other disease such as diabetes

29
Q

Patho of glomerulonephritis

A

glomerulus is the high pressure filtration component of the normal kidney tubules
with damage there is swelling, increase permeability and decreased effectiveness of cell junction

30
Q

Classifications of glomerulonepthritis

A 
Asymptomatic 
ACute nephritic syndrome
rapidly progressing GMN 
Nephrotic Syndrome  
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CKD)
31
Q

Asymptomatic glomerulonephritis causes

A

IgA nephropathy with haematuria
abnormal IgA binds to cells, complement stimulates inflammation and injury
abnormal IgA produced by bone marrow binds to glomerular mesangial cells, stimulating them to proliferate and release inflammatory mediators

32
Q

Acute nephritis syndrome

A

a group of symptoms that occur with some disorders that cause swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney
acute onset of gross haematuria and mild-moderate proteinuria

33
Q

manifestations of acute nephritis syndrome

A

acute onset of fever, malaise, nausea, oliguria, haematuria
red cell cause in the urine and mild proteinuria
periorbital oedema and mild hypertension

34
Q

Rapidly progressing GMN

A

acute nephritis with glomerular damage resulting in proteinuria and rapid progression to AKI with severe oliguria or anuria and irreversible kidney disease

35
Q

causes of rapidly progressing GMN

A

immune-mediated
posinfectious GMN
systemic disease
idiopathic

36
Q

Types of rapidly progressinv GMN

A

GOodpasture syndrome - characterised by pulmonary haemorrhage
immune complex deposition
Pauci immune glomerulonephritis

37
Q

Patho of Rapidly Progressing GMN

A

antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are associated with glomerular injury
extensive proliferation of cells into the bowman space with cresent formation

38
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

heavy protein loss

generalised oedema with characteristic pitting

39
Q

Pathogenesis of Nephritic Syndrome

A

damage of alteration of glomerular basement membrane
becmes excessively permeable to plasma proteins
depletion of plasma proteins resulting in hypoalbuminaemia

40
Q

Causes of nephritic syndrome

A

systemic disease such as diabetes and SLE

41
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis (CKD)

A

glomerular disease with a progressive course leading to chronic kidney diseases

42
Q

Diabetic nephropathy pathology

A

insulin deficiency and altered metabolism, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, in connective tissue matrix and hardening

43
Q

Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease

A

severe reduction in renal function

44
Q

Acute kidney injury

A

rapid and sudden deterioration of renal function

resulting in retention of metabolic wastes , impaired fluid and electrolyte balance

45
Q

Cases of AKI

A

prerenal - impaired blood flow: hypotension, ischaemia, low CO, haemorrhage, surgery
Intrarenal - acute glomerulonepthritis or acute tubular necrosis - aminoglycoside antibiotics
Post renal - urinary tract obstruction

46
Q

Clinical progression of AKI

A
  1. initiation phase - reduced perfucion, renal injury evolving
  2. maintenance phase - period of established renal injury and dysfunction
  3. recoevery phase - interval when renal injury is repaired
47
Q

Chronic Kidney disease

A

gradual loss of nephrons until the remainder cannot carry out normal renal function
results in end stage renal disease requiring dialysis

48
Q

Risk factors for CKD

A

intact nephrons can enlarge and increase function
one kidney can take overall function
may not see impaired function until 75-80% loss of nephrons

49
Q

Stages of CKD

A
  1. normal or high GFR - no symptoms
  2. mild CKD - asymptomatic
  3. moderate CKD - possible signs of organ dysfunction
  4. severe CKD - normal blood volume and concentrations not maintained
  5. end stage CKD - uraemia, oligurua, anuria, vomiting, anorexia,

Clinical Science 2016 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions