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Clinical Science 2016 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Inflammatory response

A

redness
necrosis
pus
swelling
hyperanaemia - attract more blood flow to the area
pain is caused by chemicals that are released by immune cells
loss of function

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2
Q

process of inflammation

A
  1. blood vessels dilate
  2. recruitment of immune cells
  3. repair and healing
  4. healing and resolution
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3
Q

Types of inflammation

A

acute or chronic

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4
Q

Acute inflammation

A

predominantly neutrophils
vasoactive histamines or amines and eicosanoids
lasts a few days and usually manifests in a closed tissue compartment such as a cyst or pustule

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5
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

predominantly macrophages
cytokines
lasts a long time but usually leads to scar tissue or fibrosis
defined as a pathological state characterised by the continued and inappropriate response of the immune system leading to an inflammatory response

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6
Q

Functions of the innate immune system

A

defend against broad categories of pathogens - bacteria and parasites
provides a link to the adaptive immune respose - presents components and secretes cytokines

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7
Q

How does antigen recognition occur?

A

WBC recognises antigens as foreign and promotes an inflammatory response
innate immune response cells recognise broad categories of surface receptors
innate immune cell then presents fragment of phagotytised pathogens on its own cell surface
the adaptive immune response will then recognise a specific antigen - increase the cell numbers that can respond to the antigen

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8
Q

Antibodies

A

are integral part of the adaptive immune system:
produced by B cells
y shaped molecule that sits on the surface of the B cell
antibodies are usually sirface antibodies
generated in the bone marrow

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9
Q

Structure of antibody

A

made up of 4 chains of proteins interlinked
heavy chains linked together
light chains linked together with the heavy chains

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10
Q

Antidbody types

A 
IgM 
IgD 
IgE 
IgG
IgA
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11
Q

recombination process

A

a progenitor B cell gives rise to a B cell proper with DNA specific for respective antibody production
B cell gains specificity and variability by effectively shuffling the DNA sequence
results in each B cell having different antibodies randomly produced

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12
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

an inherited disorder that affect RBC
characterised by RBCs that are sickle or oblong shaped, contained haemoglobin S, are poor oxygen carriers, and live for only 16 days

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13
Q

types of sickle cell anaemia

A

Vaso-occlusive crisis - blood flow to organs restricted
aplastic crisis - worsening of baseline anaemia
haemolytic crisis - acute, accelerated drop in haemoglobin level
splenic sequestration crisis - acute enlargement of the spleen

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14
Q

Complications of sickle cell anaemia

A

CVA, gallstones, acute jaundice, splenic infection, opiate tolerance, leg ulcers, retinopathy, chronic pain, pulmonary hypertension, chronic renal failure, avascular necrosis

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15
Q

Thrombosis

A

development of blood clot in blood vessels

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16
Q

RIsk factors for thrombophilia

A 
recent surgery
impaired mobility 
congestive heart failure
cancer
resp failure
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17
Q

haemophilia

A

congenital; impaired ability to form clots

predominant in males

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18
Q

signs and symptoms of haemophilia

A

spontaneous, acute, chronic bleeding

intracranial bleeding

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19
Q

DIC signs and symptoms

A

primarily from bleeding and ischamia to affected organs
bleeding causes oozing of blood from various orifices, ecchymosis, petichiae
hypo perfusion and shock result from haemorrhage and changes in vascular tone
acute renal failure occurs as a result of hepatic dysfunction and haemolysis
pulmonary symptoms such as dyspnoea

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20
Q

management of DIC

A

correction of underlying process
airway and haemodynamic management
blood product admin with goals of correcting severe thrombocytopenia, haemorrhage management, coagulation factor replacement
mitigation of hyper coagulation

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21
Q

complications of haemophilia

A

IV access should only be performed where a therapautic intervention is required in the pre hospital setting

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22
Q

complications of lymphoma

A

anaemia in cancer pts results from:

chemo, radiotherapy, GI blood loss, iron deficiency

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23
Q

signs and symptoms of lymphoma

A

swollen lymph nodes, enlargement of spleen, pain from swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills

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24
Q

innate immunity

A

non-specific immune response, first line of defence

recruitment of immune cells to site of infection

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25
Q

inflammation

A

the body’s attempt at self protection
to remove harmful stimuli: damage cells, irritants, pathogens
begin the healing process

26
Q

stages of inflammation

A
  1. irritation or infection
  2. increased blood flow - dilation of blood vessels
  3. granulation - ingrowth of capillaries, RBCs, fibroblasts
  4. chemotaxis - messengers, chemotactic factors
  5. inflammation - migration of neutrophils, few macrophages
  6. cell adhesion
  7. suppuration - discharge of pus
  8. edema - fluid in interstital spaces of the region
  9. repair and healing
27
Q

symptoms of acute inflammation

A 
redness of skin 
heat
swelling
increase production of mucous 
pain 
dysfunction
28
Q

symptoms of chronic inflammation

A

bloating, passing gas, burning skin, bags under eyes, itchy ears, diarrheoa, constipation, cramping, joint pain, muscle spasms, twitching, fatigue, rash, hives, acne, tough skin, headache, edema, water retention

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the capture and digestion of foreign particles

30
Q

adaptive immune response

A

specific activation of the immune response

activation of lymphocytes

31
Q

B cell development

A

B lymphocytes - B cells - plasma cells - antibodies

32
Q

antibody types

A 
IgM
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgA
33
Q

Thymus

A

specialised organ of the immune system

T cells mature, site of T cell development

34
Q

Autoimmunity

A

results when the body fails to recognise the difference between self and non-self antigens or epitopes, and mounts an immunologic response to those antigens

35
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

destroy mico-organisms at site of infection
remove foreign substances and body debris
independent movement
increased WBCs - leukocytsis
increased abnormal WBCs - leukemia
decreased WBCs - leukopoenia

36
Q

classification of WBCs (leukocytes)

A

granulocytes - most numerous WBCs, grannules in cytoplasm
eosinophils - destroy parasites, involved in allergies
basophils - least common
mast cells - resident cells
neutrophils - destroy harmful microorganisms

37
Q

Eoinophillia

A

high number of eosiophils in blood

38
Q

eosinopenia

A

decrease of eosinophils in blood

39
Q

basophilia

A

abnormal elevation of basophils in blood

40
Q

basopenia

A

basophil deficiency

41
Q

agranulocytes

A

no granules

42
Q

monocytes

A

largest of WBCs, move from blood to tissues

43
Q

monocytosis

A

increase number of monocytes in the blood

44
Q

monocytopenia

A

low number of monocytes in the blood

45
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

B cells - produce antibodies against antigens, bacteria
T cells - kill or help kill foreign antigens, tumours
NK cells - kill viruses, tumours

46
Q

lymphocytosis

A

increase number of lymphocytes in the blood

47
Q

lymphocytopenia

A

low level of lymphocytes in the blood

48
Q

diseases that feature eosinophilia

A

asthma, hay fever, drug allergies, parasitic infection, addison’s diease, some blood cancers, HIV, SLE

49
Q

causes of basopenia

A

urticaria, anaphylaxis, during ovulation, hyperthyroid, acute infection, steroids

50
Q

basophilia seen in

A

ulcerative colitis, juvenile RA, drugs, diabetes, infection, Fe deficiency

51
Q

neutrophilia may indicate

A

malignancy, CML, appendicitis, splenectomy, medications

52
Q

causes of neutropenia

A

cancers, chemo, toxins, radiation, vitamin b12 deficiency, haemodialysis, medications, chronic infection

53
Q

causes of monocytosis

A

acute or chronic infection, leukemias, autoimmune disease, neutropenia

54
Q

causes of monocytopenia

A

hairy cell laeukemia, chronic use of prednisolone, acute infections, acute myeloid leukemia, drugs

55
Q

causes of lymphocytosis

A

acute viral infection, leukemias, lymphoma

56
Q

causes of lymphocytopenia

A

cancer, immune deficiency, AIDs, high cortisol

57
Q

leukocytosis

A

white blood cell count above average

58
Q

leukopenia

A

decreased number of white blood cells,

can be caused by radiation, chemo, SLE

59
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlarged lymph nodes that become palapable and tender

local: drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node
general: occurs in the presence of malignant or nonmalignent disease

60
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

also known as glandular fever

swollen lymph node, acute infection of B lymphocytes

61
Q

symptoms of infectious mononucleoleosis

A

fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, increase lymphocyte count

62
Q

multiple myeloma

A

plasma cell neoplasm, B cells

overproduction of plasma cells in the bone marrow

Clinical Science 2016 (9 decks)

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