Injection and Tumours

Question 1

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Answer 1

inflammation of urinary tract usually caused by bacteria
classified according to location: cystitis - bladder
pyelonephritis - upper urinary tract
urethritis - urethra

Question 2

Predisposing factors of UTI

Answer 2

age, pregnancy, calculi, medical procedures, diabetes, chemo, tumours, antibiotics

Question 3

Cystitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of the bladder

features: urgency, frequency, dysuria, lower abdo pain, pyuria, baceriuria, cloudy urine

Question 4

Management of cystitis

Answer 4

manage any underlying risk factors
BUN, creatinine, electrolyte values obtained to rule out change in renal function
interventions: antibiotics, adequate fluid intake, urinary alkaliniser

Question 5

Acute pyelonephritis

Answer 5

bacterial infection of the upper resp tract

Question 6

pathology of pyelonephritis

Answer 6

enlargement, scattered areas of abscess, increased neutrophils in the tubules

Question 7

clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis

Answer 7

generally produces fever, chillds, flank proteinuria, pyuria, white cell casts, haematuria, generalised malaise

Question 8

management of pyelonephritis

Answer 8

pain reflief, consider fluids

Question 9

Chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 9

any chronic renal inflammation

always produces some renal scarring around the calyces and renal pelvis and among tubules

Question 10

Causes of chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 10

renal stones
recurrent acute pyelnonephritis
drug toxicity
ischaemia, immune complex disease

Question 11

Patho of chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 11

chronic obstruction of urinary traact prevents elimination of bacteria

Question 12

Types of tumours

Answer 12

benign cortical adenoma of kidney
carcinoma of kidney
wilms tumour
bladder

Question 13

renal adenoma

Answer 13

solid, encapsulated, can become malignant

Question 14

renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Answer 14

malignancy of renal tubular or ductal cells

can be clear cell or papillary type

Question 15

Risk factors of RCC

Answer 15

male, age 50-60, cigarettes, analgesic use, sporadic, genetic

Question 16

Patho of RCC

Answer 16

upper pole of one kidney
vena cava and right side of heart by direct extension
metastisises to lungs, liver, lymph nodes and bone

Question 17

Manifestations of RCC

Answer 17

largely silent disorder

haematuria, flank pain, flank mass

Question 18

Wilms tumour

Answer 18

mixture of embryonal tissue
large bulging tumour
occurs anywhere in the kidney

Question 19

Symptoms of Wilms tumour

Answer 19

large abdo mass, hypertension
some children may have abdo pain and vomiting
haematuria is present

Question 20

Invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) risks

Answer 20

highest in men over 60, tobacco smokers, various genetic deficits, industrial exposure to arylamine dyes, leather rubber paint organic chemicals, radiotherapy to prostate or cervix

Question 21

urothelial carcinoma

Answer 21

can arise anywhere in the urothelium lining the urinary trat from the urethra to the calyces
multifocal and has the tendency to recur
treat with surgery