Hematology

Question 1

Components of Blood

Answer 1

Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes

Question 2

Function of leukocytes

Answer 2

destroy microorganisms at site of infection, remoce foreign substances and body debris

Question 3

classification of WBCs (leukocytes)

Answer 3

granulocytes
eosinophils
basophils 
mast cells 
neutrophils

Question 4

dendritic cells

Answer 4

involved in stimulating immune system

Question 5

polycythemia

Answer 5

an increase in RBCs due to drug doping, physiological factors (altitude, hypoxic disease), genetic abnormaility in Hb O2 release, disease related

Question 6

symptoms of polycythemia

Answer 6

headache, vertigo, enlarged spleen, liver, itchiness, reddish skin, ringing in ears

Question 7

anaemia

Answer 7

reduction in total number of erythrocytes
decrease in quality and quantity of haemoglobin
decrease in hematocrit

Question 8

causes of anaemia

Answer 8

blood loss, decrease production of RBC, altered haemoglobin synthesis, altered DNA synthesis, stem cell dysfunction, bone marrow infiltration, renal disease

Question 9

diagnosis of anaemia

Answer 9

hematocrit, size of RBC, colour of RBCs, MCV (measure of cell size, MCH (concentration meausres Hb production

Question 10

Iron deficiency symptoms

Answer 10

difficulty swallowing, lesions may progress to malignancy, enzyme changes, mental confusion, memory loss, increased infections

Question 11

pernicious anaemia

Answer 11

caused by vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 12

normocytic anaemia

Answer 12

increased RBC destruction
blood loss
increased haemolysis

Question 13

thalassaemia

Answer 13

inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder
weakening and destruction of red blood cells
less haemoglobin

Question 14

major thalassaemia - major

Answer 14

impairs growth, produces skeletal abnormalities of maxilla and frontal bone
extramedullary haematopoiesis in liver and spleen
bronze coloured skin
changes in gonads
progresses to death before age 20

Question 15

Haemorrhage

Answer 15

loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system

Can be internal or external

Question 16

Haemostasis

Answer 16

stopping or controlling of bleeding

• vasospasm: constriction of blood vessels, first response to injury, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
• formation of platelet plug
• activation of coagulation cascade: platelets form temporary plug, clotting factors activate factor X (thrombin), converts fibrinogen to fibrin
• formation of clot
• clot retraction

Question 17

Coagulation defects

Answer 17

defects or deficiencies of clotting factors

large ecchymoses or haemotomas into GIT, urinary tract and joints after injury or surgery

Question 18

Haemophillia A

Answer 18

genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII
causes increased bleeding, inherited as X-linked
can lead to joint deformity

Question 19

Von Willebrand disease

Answer 19

hereditary deficiency of factor VIII:vWF

Question 20

Haemphillia B

Answer 20

christmas disease (hereditary deficiency of factor IX 
x-linked recessive 
variable effect ranging from asymptomatic to severe haemorrhage as in haemophillia A

Question 21

signs and symptoms of haemophillia B

Answer 21

prolonged bleeding from cuts, wounds or during surgical procesures
unexplained excessive bruising or nose bleeds
unexplained blood in faeces or urine
pooling of blood in joints

Question 22

Haemophilia C

Answer 22

hereditary deficiency of factor XI

Question 23

Leukaemia

Answer 23

cancer of white blood cells and their precursers
bone marrow makes abnormally larage number of immature white blood cells - blasts or leukaemia cells
results in: neoplastic cells in peripheral blood, suppression of other marrow elements leading to symptoms of lack of RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 24

symptoms of leukaemia

Answer 24

weight loss
fever
frequent infections 
short of breath
muscular weakness
pain or tenderness in bones and joints 
fatigue 
loss of appetite
night sweats
easy bleeding and bruising 
speen and or liver enlargement

Question 25

types of laeukaemia

Answer 25

acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) acute myelogenous laekaemia (AML chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)

Question 26

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Answer 26

leads to overproduction of immature WBCs which leads to lymphoblasts

Question 27

causes of ALL

Answer 27

exposure to very high doses of radiation, industrial chemicals, certain types of infections

Question 28

Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia

Answer 28

slow growing, affects immature B cells | it is incurable

Question 29

ACute myelogenous laukaemia

Answer 29

overproduction of immature WBC (myeloblasts) | overcrowding in bone marrow

Question 30

symptoms of AML

Answer 30

``` anaemia fever bleeding hepatosplenomegaly no significant lymphadenopathy ```

Question 31

Chronic myelogenous laukaemia

Answer 31

increased proliferation of the graanulocytic cell line without the loss of their capacity to differentiate leads to increased myeloid cells, erythroid cells and platelets in blood and marked myeloid hyperplasia in the bone marrow originate in single abnormal haematopoietic stem cell

Question 32

Causes of Leukaemia

Answer 32

``` high level of radiation viruses genes chemicals mostly unknown ```

Question 33

TReatment of Leukaemia

Answer 33

``` chemo immunological products radiation bone marrow transplant drugs, TK inhibitors ```

Question 34

Lymphoma

Answer 34

malignant neoplastic lymphocytes = downstream unlike leukaemia cancer of lymphatic system - lymph nodes tend to be solid tumours

Question 35

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma risk factors

Answer 35

``` environmental agents, irradiation, chemicals, anti-neoplastic agents inherited genetic abnormalities more common in males >50 yrs immunosuppression (transplants, AIDS) EBV virus ```

Question 36

Non-Hodkin's lymphoma symptoms

Answer 36

``` painless firm lymphademopathy fever, night sweats, weakness weight loss eosinophila pleural effusion abdo pain splenomegaly ```

Question 37

Burkitt's lymphoma

Answer 37

``` most common paed malignant tumour mostly occurs in africa and new guinea caused by epstein-barr virus often in the jaw area closely packed B cells in the affected lymph nodes ```

Question 38

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Answer 38

originates from lymphocytes history of EBV increases risk characterised by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease

Question 39

Symptoms of hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 39

enlarged painless mass in neck mediastinal mass on xraay mediastinal growth can affect lungs, trachea, bronchi, pleaura, nerves, spinal cord, ureters skin lesions, itching, scratching fever, night sweats, loss of 10% body weight

Question 40

treatment of hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 40

radiation chemo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation