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Clinical Science 2016 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of Blood

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

destroy microorganisms at site of infection, remoce foreign substances and body debris

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3
Q

classification of WBCs (leukocytes)

A 
granulocytes
eosinophils
basophils 
mast cells 
neutrophils
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4
Q

dendritic cells

A

involved in stimulating immune system

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5
Q

polycythemia

A

an increase in RBCs due to drug doping, physiological factors (altitude, hypoxic disease), genetic abnormaility in Hb O2 release, disease related

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6
Q

symptoms of polycythemia

A

headache, vertigo, enlarged spleen, liver, itchiness, reddish skin, ringing in ears

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7
Q

anaemia

A

reduction in total number of erythrocytes
decrease in quality and quantity of haemoglobin
decrease in hematocrit

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8
Q

causes of anaemia

A

blood loss, decrease production of RBC, altered haemoglobin synthesis, altered DNA synthesis, stem cell dysfunction, bone marrow infiltration, renal disease

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9
Q

diagnosis of anaemia

A

hematocrit, size of RBC, colour of RBCs, MCV (measure of cell size, MCH (concentration meausres Hb production

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10
Q

Iron deficiency symptoms

A

difficulty swallowing, lesions may progress to malignancy, enzyme changes, mental confusion, memory loss, increased infections

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11
Q

pernicious anaemia

A

caused by vitamin B12 deficiency

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12
Q

normocytic anaemia

A

increased RBC destruction
blood loss
increased haemolysis

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13
Q

thalassaemia

A

inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder
weakening and destruction of red blood cells
less haemoglobin

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14
Q

major thalassaemia - major

A

impairs growth, produces skeletal abnormalities of maxilla and frontal bone
extramedullary haematopoiesis in liver and spleen
bronze coloured skin
changes in gonads
progresses to death before age 20

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15
Q

Haemorrhage

A

loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system

Can be internal or external

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16
Q

Haemostasis

A

stopping or controlling of bleeding

  • vasospasm: constriction of blood vessels, first response to injury, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
  • formation of platelet plug
  • activation of coagulation cascade: platelets form temporary plug, clotting factors activate factor X (thrombin), converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  • formation of clot
  • clot retraction
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17
Q

Coagulation defects

A

defects or deficiencies of clotting factors

large ecchymoses or haemotomas into GIT, urinary tract and joints after injury or surgery

18
Q

Haemophillia A

A

genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII
causes increased bleeding, inherited as X-linked
can lead to joint deformity

19
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A

hereditary deficiency of factor VIII:vWF

20
Q

Haemphillia B

A 
christmas disease (hereditary deficiency of factor IX 
x-linked recessive 
variable effect ranging from asymptomatic to severe haemorrhage as in haemophillia A
21
Q

signs and symptoms of haemophillia B

A

prolonged bleeding from cuts, wounds or during surgical procesures
unexplained excessive bruising or nose bleeds
unexplained blood in faeces or urine
pooling of blood in joints

22
Q

Haemophilia C

A

hereditary deficiency of factor XI

23
Q

Leukaemia

A

cancer of white blood cells and their precursers
bone marrow makes abnormally larage number of immature white blood cells - blasts or leukaemia cells
results in: neoplastic cells in peripheral blood, suppression of other marrow elements leading to symptoms of lack of RBC, WBC, platelets

24
Q

symptoms of leukaemia

A 
weight loss
fever
frequent infections 
short of breath
muscular weakness
pain or tenderness in bones and joints 
fatigue 
loss of appetite
night sweats
easy bleeding and bruising 
speen and or liver enlargement
25
Q

types of laeukaemia

A

acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL)
acute myelogenous laekaemia (AML
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)

26
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

A

leads to overproduction of immature WBCs which leads to lymphoblasts

27
Q

causes of ALL

A

exposure to very high doses of radiation, industrial chemicals, certain types of infections

28
Q

Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia

A

slow growing, affects immature B cells

it is incurable

29
Q

ACute myelogenous laukaemia

A

overproduction of immature WBC (myeloblasts)

overcrowding in bone marrow

30
Q

symptoms of AML

A 
anaemia 
fever
bleeding
hepatosplenomegaly 
no significant lymphadenopathy
31
Q

Chronic myelogenous laukaemia

A

increased proliferation of the graanulocytic cell line without the loss of their capacity to differentiate
leads to increased myeloid cells, erythroid cells and platelets in blood and marked myeloid hyperplasia in the bone marrow
originate in single abnormal haematopoietic stem cell

32
Q

Causes of Leukaemia

A 
high level of radiation
viruses
genes
chemicals
mostly unknown
33
Q

TReatment of Leukaemia

A 
chemo
immunological products
radiation
bone marrow transplant
drugs, TK inhibitors
34
Q

Lymphoma

A

malignant neoplastic lymphocytes = downstream unlike leukaemia
cancer of lymphatic system - lymph nodes
tend to be solid tumours

35
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma risk factors

A 
environmental agents, irradiation, chemicals, anti-neoplastic agents
inherited genetic abnormalities 
more common in males
>50 yrs 
immunosuppression (transplants, AIDS)
EBV virus
36
Q

Non-Hodkin’s lymphoma symptoms

A 
painless firm lymphademopathy 
fever, night sweats, weakness
weight loss
eosinophila
pleural effusion 
abdo pain 
splenomegaly
37
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A 
most common paed malignant tumour 
mostly occurs in africa and new guinea 
caused by epstein-barr virus 
often in the jaw area 
closely packed B cells in the affected lymph nodes
38
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

originates from lymphocytes
history of EBV increases risk
characterised by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease

39
Q

Symptoms of hodgkins lymphoma

A

enlarged painless mass in neck
mediastinal mass on xraay
mediastinal growth can affect lungs, trachea, bronchi, pleaura, nerves, spinal cord, ureters
skin lesions, itching, scratching
fever, night sweats, loss of 10% body weight

40
Q

treatment of hodgkins lymphoma

A

radiation
chemo
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Clinical Science 2016 (9 decks)

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