endocrine disorders

Question 1

endocrine action

Answer 1

the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells

Question 2

paracrine action

Answer 2

the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighbourhood

Question 3

autocrine actions

Answer 3

the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

Question 4

types of endocrine hormones

Answer 4

fat soluble - slow acting and long half life

water soluble - fast acting and short half life

Question 5

pineal gland

Answer 5

synthesises and secretes melatonin from serotonin, that communicates info about environmental lighting to various parts of the body

Question 6

posterior pituitary gland

Answer 6

stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

they are produced in the hypothalamus, transported down to posterior lobe

Question 7

anterior pituitary gland

Answer 7

stores and releases growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 8

thymus

Answer 8

located in mediastinum, superior to the heart

secretes hormones that regulate development and later activation of T lymphocytes

Question 9

thyroid gland

Answer 9

converts iodine into thyroid hormones

C cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin that reduces Ca2+, promotes Ca2+ deposition and bone formation

Question 10

parathyroid glands

Answer 10

function is to maintain calcium and phosphate levels 
parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases Ca2+ 
calcitonin: promotes synthesis of calcitriol - increased absorption of Ca2+, reduced urinary excretion, increased bone reabsorption

Question 11

adrenal medulla

Answer 11

makes catecholamines: adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 12

adrenal cortex

Answer 12

mineralcorticoids - control electrolyetes
glucocorticoids - stimulates fat and protein catabolism
sex steroids - androgens and estrogens convert testosterone and estrogen

Question 13

pancreatic hormones

Answer 13

insulin - secreted after a meal with carbs raises glucose blood levels

Question 14

functions of estadiol and progesterone

Answer 14

development of female reproductive system and psychique including bone growth

Question 15

function of testes

Answer 15

development of male reproductive system and pshysique, sustains sperm production and sex drive

Question 16

endocrine functions of the heart

Answer 16

atrial natriuretic peptide released with an increase in BP

Question 17

endocrine function of skin

Answer 17

keratinocytes have entire vitamin D metabolic pathway

Question 18

endocrine function of the liver

Answer 18

convert vitamin D3 to calcidiol
source of IGF
secretes erythropietin
secretes angiotensinogen

Question 19

endocrine function of kidneys

Answer 19

converts calcidiol to calcitriol
produces EPO
convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 20

endocrine function of stomach and small intestines

Answer 20

coordinate digestive motility and secretion

Question 21

endocrine function of placenta

Answer 21

secretes estrogen, progesterone and others

Question 22

SIADH

Answer 22

syndrome of innappropriate anti-diuretic hormone

due to production of ADH like substances from tumours, lung, lymphoid and others

Question 23

symptoms of SIADH

Answer 23

water retention
relative hyponatraemia 
thirst 
dyspnoea
anorexia
fatigue
vomiting 
abdo cramps

Question 24

diabetes insipidus

Answer 24

neurogenic DI
- deficiency in secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary
nephrogenic DI
- kidney is unable to respond to ADH

Question 25

hypopituitarism

Answer 25

lack of hormones?

Question 26

symptoms of hypopituitarism

Answer 26

ACTH - lack of cortisol TSH - hypothyroidism ADH - diabetes insipidus FSH and LH - gonadal failure, loss of secondary sex characteristics, menstrual irregularity GH - dwarfism, normal proportions and intelligence

Question 27

hyperpituitarism

Answer 27

primary adenomas are usually benign, slow growing tumours | hypersecretion of hormones secreted by adenoma

Question 28

acreomegaly

Answer 28

an uncommon condition where abnormally large levels of growth hormone are secreted during adulthood leads to increase in appositional growth but no increase in length of bones

Question 29

giantism

Answer 29

will occur if growth adenoma presents in childhood | as the epiphyseal plates have no closed, there will be increase in length of bones as well as symptoms of acreomegaly

Question 30

prolactinomas

Answer 30

primary tumours that secrete PL and lead to hyperprolactinaemia symptoms include amenorrhea, galarorrhea, hirsuism, osteopenia and infertility

Question 31

thyroid disorders

Answer 31

hyperthyroidism - graves, nodular thryoid | hypothyroidism - acute, subacute, autoimmune, congenita, thryoid carcinoma

Question 32

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 32

greater than normal concentration of TH in blood

Question 33

primary hyperthyroidism

Answer 33

excess sythesis of TH such as graves or multinodular goitre

Question 34

secondary hyperthyroidism

Answer 34

tends to be from a pituitary adenoma releasing excess TSH

Question 35

graves disease

Answer 35

autoimmune disease - lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocyte production of IgG antibodies Ab stimualte TSH receptors to synthesise and secrete T3 and t4 and also stimulate drug therapy, radioactive iodine and surgery

Question 36

nodular goitre

Answer 36

enlargement of gland due to increase demand of TH | increase in follicle due to increased TSH

Question 37

thyrotoxic crisis

Answer 37

person with underlying hyperthyroidism is triggered by stress such as: infection, cardio or pulmonary disorder, obstetric complications, emotional distress

Question 38

symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism

Answer 38

``` hypermetabolism enhanced epinephrine effecy lid lag atrial fibrillation milky diarrheoa osteoporosis ```

Question 39

hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 39

autoimmune reaction to thyroid tissue, destruction of follicles, impaired TH production

Question 40

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 40

overall decrease in rate of body metabolism

Question 41

myxedema coma

Answer 41

loss of consciousnes, hypotermia without shivering, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, hypoventilation, lactic acidosis

Question 42

cretinism

Answer 42

TH deficiency during embryonic/neonatal life | due to adenesis or severe iodine deficiency

Question 43

goitre

Answer 43

endemic goitre - dietary iodine deficiency, no TH, no feedback, increased TSH diffuse toxic goitre - antibodies mimic TSH, increased TH, exophtalmos euthyroid goitre - TH is normal

Question 44

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 44

primary - hypercalcaemia results frm failure of normal feedback mechanism that decreases PT secretion seconary - high PTH levels initiated by renal disease, low calcium diet, pregnancy, rickets