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Clinical Science 2016 > endocrine disorders > Flashcards

endocrine disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine action

A

the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells

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2
Q

paracrine action

A

the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighbourhood

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3
Q

autocrine actions

A

the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

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4
Q

types of endocrine hormones

A

fat soluble - slow acting and long half life

water soluble - fast acting and short half life

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5
Q

pineal gland

A

synthesises and secretes melatonin from serotonin, that communicates info about environmental lighting to various parts of the body

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6
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

they are produced in the hypothalamus, transported down to posterior lobe

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7
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

stores and releases growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone

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8
Q

thymus

A

located in mediastinum, superior to the heart

secretes hormones that regulate development and later activation of T lymphocytes

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9
Q

thyroid gland

A

converts iodine into thyroid hormones

C cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin that reduces Ca2+, promotes Ca2+ deposition and bone formation

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10
Q

parathyroid glands

A 
function is to maintain calcium and phosphate levels 
parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases Ca2+ 
calcitonin: promotes synthesis of calcitriol - increased absorption of Ca2+, reduced urinary excretion, increased bone reabsorption
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11
Q

adrenal medulla

A

makes catecholamines: adrenaline and noradrenaline

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12
Q

adrenal cortex

A

mineralcorticoids - control electrolyetes
glucocorticoids - stimulates fat and protein catabolism
sex steroids - androgens and estrogens convert testosterone and estrogen

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13
Q

pancreatic hormones

A

insulin - secreted after a meal with carbs raises glucose blood levels

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14
Q

functions of estadiol and progesterone

A

development of female reproductive system and psychique including bone growth

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15
Q

function of testes

A

development of male reproductive system and pshysique, sustains sperm production and sex drive

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16
Q

endocrine functions of the heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide released with an increase in BP

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17
Q

endocrine function of skin

A

keratinocytes have entire vitamin D metabolic pathway

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18
Q

endocrine function of the liver

A

convert vitamin D3 to calcidiol
source of IGF
secretes erythropietin
secretes angiotensinogen

19
Q

endocrine function of kidneys

A

converts calcidiol to calcitriol
produces EPO
convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

20
Q

endocrine function of stomach and small intestines

A

coordinate digestive motility and secretion

21
Q

endocrine function of placenta

A

secretes estrogen, progesterone and others

22
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of innappropriate anti-diuretic hormone

due to production of ADH like substances from tumours, lung, lymphoid and others

23
Q

symptoms of SIADH

A 
water retention
relative hyponatraemia 
thirst 
dyspnoea
anorexia
fatigue
vomiting 
abdo cramps
24
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

neurogenic DI
- deficiency in secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary
nephrogenic DI
- kidney is unable to respond to ADH

25
Q

hypopituitarism

A

lack of hormones?

26
Q

symptoms of hypopituitarism

A

ACTH - lack of cortisol
TSH - hypothyroidism
ADH - diabetes insipidus
FSH and LH - gonadal failure, loss of secondary sex characteristics, menstrual irregularity
GH - dwarfism, normal proportions and intelligence

27
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

primary adenomas are usually benign, slow growing tumours

hypersecretion of hormones secreted by adenoma

28
Q

acreomegaly

A

an uncommon condition where abnormally large levels of growth hormone are secreted during adulthood
leads to increase in appositional growth but no increase in length of bones

29
Q

giantism

A

will occur if growth adenoma presents in childhood

as the epiphyseal plates have no closed, there will be increase in length of bones as well as symptoms of acreomegaly

30
Q

prolactinomas

A

primary tumours that secrete PL and lead to hyperprolactinaemia
symptoms include amenorrhea, galarorrhea, hirsuism, osteopenia and infertility

31
Q

thyroid disorders

A

hyperthyroidism - graves, nodular thryoid

hypothyroidism - acute, subacute, autoimmune, congenita, thryoid carcinoma

32
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

greater than normal concentration of TH in blood

33
Q

primary hyperthyroidism

A

excess sythesis of TH such as graves or multinodular goitre

34
Q

secondary hyperthyroidism

A

tends to be from a pituitary adenoma releasing excess TSH

35
Q

graves disease

A

autoimmune disease - lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocyte production of IgG antibodies
Ab stimualte TSH receptors to synthesise and secrete T3 and t4 and also stimulate drug therapy, radioactive iodine and surgery

36
Q

nodular goitre

A

enlargement of gland due to increase demand of TH

increase in follicle due to increased TSH

37
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A

person with underlying hyperthyroidism is triggered by stress such as: infection, cardio or pulmonary disorder, obstetric complications, emotional distress

38
Q

symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism

A 
hypermetabolism 
enhanced epinephrine effecy 
lid lag 
atrial fibrillation 
milky diarrheoa 
osteoporosis
39
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis

A

autoimmune reaction to thyroid tissue, destruction of follicles, impaired TH production

40
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

overall decrease in rate of body metabolism

41
Q

myxedema coma

A

loss of consciousnes, hypotermia without shivering, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, hypoventilation, lactic acidosis

42
Q

cretinism

A

TH deficiency during embryonic/neonatal life

due to adenesis or severe iodine deficiency

43
Q

goitre

A

endemic goitre - dietary iodine deficiency, no TH, no feedback, increased TSH
diffuse toxic goitre - antibodies mimic TSH, increased TH, exophtalmos
euthyroid goitre - TH is normal

44
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

primary - hypercalcaemia results frm failure of normal feedback mechanism that decreases PT secretion
seconary - high PTH levels initiated by renal disease, low calcium diet, pregnancy, rickets

Clinical Science 2016 (9 decks)

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