Renal Conditions Flashcards
Aetiology AKI
Pre - renal (hypovolaemia, NSAIDs)
renal (glomerulonephritis, HUS)
Post-renal (calculi, urethral stricture)
Risks AKI
Elderly, HTN, PVD, DM, Myeloma
What may AKI cause?
RIFLE - risk, injury or failure causing functional loss or end-stage disease
Features AKI
Confusion, HTN/postural hypotension, distended bladder, fluid overload,
Investigations AKI
Urinalysis, USS, renal biopsy
Management AKI
Correct cause, fluid replacement/diuretics, PPI
Diagnosis of CKD
3 months of reduced GFR and evidence of renal damage
Risk CKD
Advanced age, CVD, DM, obesity, glomerulonephritis, SLE
Symptoms CKD
Chronic fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, nocturia, pruritis
Complications CKD
Anaemia, HTN, hyperkalaemia
Investigation glomerulonephritis
Urine microscopy
Renal biopsy
Management glomerulonephritis
Prednisolone
Salt/fluid restriction, diuretic, BP control
Features minimal change GN
Children 2-4years, associated with atopy, majority relapse
Features IgA nephropathy GN
COmmonest, young adults, assoc. HSP, SLE, hepatitis, often follows URTI or gastroenteritis
Features focal GN
Older children, leads to nephrotic syndrome
Features membranous GN
Adults, most likely cause nephrotic syndrome
Risks renal artery stenosis
Atherosclerosis, PVD, HTN, DM, advanced age, smoking
Symptoms renal artery stenosis
Severe HTN, flash pulmonary oedema
Investigations renal artery stenosis
USS
CT/MRI
Management renal artery stenosis
Control CVD risk factors, avoid ACEi and NSAIDs
UTI pathogens
E.coli, staph.
Risks UTI
Renal tract abnormalities, antibiotics, post-coital, new sexual partner, DM, catheters
Symptoms UTI
Urinary frequency, dysuria, haematuria, urgency, incontinence, fever, rigors, N+V, delerium
Management UTI
Trimethoprim
Resistant - co-amoxiclav, cephalosporin
Complications UTI
Ascending infection, abscess, hydronephrosis, renal failure, sepsis
Symptoms pyelonephritis
Subrapubic/loin/back pain, frank haematuria, renal angle tenderness
