Renal Conditions

Question 1

Aetiology AKI

Answer 1

Pre - renal (hypovolaemia, NSAIDs)
renal (glomerulonephritis, HUS)
Post-renal (calculi, urethral stricture)

Question 2

Risks AKI

Answer 2

Elderly, HTN, PVD, DM, Myeloma

Question 3

What may AKI cause?

Answer 3

RIFLE - risk, injury or failure causing functional loss or end-stage disease

Question 4

Features AKI

Answer 4

Confusion, HTN/postural hypotension, distended bladder, fluid overload,

Question 5

Investigations AKI

Answer 5

Urinalysis, USS, renal biopsy

Question 6

Management AKI

Answer 6

Correct cause, fluid replacement/diuretics, PPI

Question 7

Diagnosis of CKD

Answer 7

3 months of reduced GFR and evidence of renal damage

Question 8

Risk CKD

Answer 8

Advanced age, CVD, DM, obesity, glomerulonephritis, SLE

Question 9

Symptoms CKD

Answer 9

Chronic fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, nocturia, pruritis

Question 10

Complications CKD

Answer 10

Anaemia, HTN, hyperkalaemia

Question 11

Investigation glomerulonephritis

Answer 11

Urine microscopy

Renal biopsy

Question 12

Management glomerulonephritis

Answer 12

Prednisolone

Salt/fluid restriction, diuretic, BP control

Question 13

Features minimal change GN

Answer 13

Children 2-4years, associated with atopy, majority relapse

Question 14

Features IgA nephropathy GN

Answer 14

COmmonest, young adults, assoc. HSP, SLE, hepatitis, often follows URTI or gastroenteritis

Question 15

Features focal GN

Answer 15

Older children, leads to nephrotic syndrome

Question 16

Features membranous GN

Answer 16

Adults, most likely cause nephrotic syndrome

Question 17

Risks renal artery stenosis

Answer 17

Atherosclerosis, PVD, HTN, DM, advanced age, smoking

Question 18

Symptoms renal artery stenosis

Answer 18

Severe HTN, flash pulmonary oedema

Question 19

Investigations renal artery stenosis

Answer 19

USS

CT/MRI

Question 20

Management renal artery stenosis

Answer 20

Control CVD risk factors, avoid ACEi and NSAIDs

Question 21

UTI pathogens

Answer 21

E.coli, staph.

Question 22

Risks UTI

Answer 22

Renal tract abnormalities, antibiotics, post-coital, new sexual partner, DM, catheters

Question 23

Symptoms UTI

Answer 23

Urinary frequency, dysuria, haematuria, urgency, incontinence, fever, rigors, N+V, delerium

Question 24

Management UTI

Answer 24

Trimethoprim

Resistant - co-amoxiclav, cephalosporin

Question 25

Complications UTI

Answer 25

Ascending infection, abscess, hydronephrosis, renal failure, sepsis

Question 26

Symptoms pyelonephritis

Answer 26

Subrapubic/loin/back pain, frank haematuria, renal angle tenderness