First year flashcards

Question 1

name 3 symptoms of a pleural effusion

Answer 1

SOB pleuritic chest paindry cough fever weight loss malaise

Question 2

exudative pleural effusions are most likely to be unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 2

unilateral as most of them are due to inflammation

Question 3

which of the following drugs should not be used in pregnant women?A. verapamilB. nifedipine MRC. atenololD. methyl dopa

Answer 3

verapamil should not be used in pregnant women. it is a rate limiting CCB that can cause bradycardia - diltiazem can have a similar effect

Question 4

t wave inversion is present in STEMI’s - true or false?

Answer 4

false. correct answer is NONSTEMIT wave inversion is characteristic of partial coronary occlusion and so in NSTEMI there will be no ST elevation and no pathological Q waves but there will be inverted t waves with subendocardial damage

Question 5

tetralogy of fallot is caused by what cardiac defects?

Answer 5

• pulmonary stenosis-RVH- VSD- dexposition of the aorta

Question 6

What are CT-PET scans used for?

Answer 6

to check the metabolic activity of active tumours

Question 7

What are the following results in a patient with life-threatening asthma?PEF?PaO2?PaCO2?SaO2?

Answer 7

PEF will be below 33%PaO2 will be below 8kPaPaCO2 WILL BE NORMAL SO REMEMBER THIS OBISaO2 will be below 92%

Question 8

what is the process for real time sampling in lung cancer tissue investigation?

Answer 8

endobronchial ultrasound- transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)

Question 9

stable angina will usually last for under 20 minutes - true or false?

Answer 9

true

Question 10

what structure forms the ligamentum venosum

Answer 10

ductus venosus

Question 11

suggest 3 signs that may be biochemically and clinically seen in a patient with hyperlipidamia

Answer 11

clinically:corneal arcusxanthomataxanthalasmata obese (BMI>30)Hypertensionbiochemically:- LDL- HDL-cholesterol- TAG

Question 12

the muscular part of the IV septum (interventricular) of the primordial heart will develop from the fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushions - T/F?

Answer 12

false it develops from the proliferation of the medial wall. the IV foramen is closed from fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushion forming the membranous part of the IV septum

Question 13

what are the investigations done for bronchiectasis? Name 5 most important ones

Answer 13

• HRCT of thorax gold standard- serum immunoglobuins (including IgE)- sputum culture for infection- Aspergillus precipitations - Cystic fibrosis genotyping

Question 14

What are the main 3 surgery treatments for pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 14

• pulmonary septostomy which will create a shunt to increase the cardiac output - pulmonary endarterectomy but is mainly done for hypertension from a proximal pulmonary embolism- transplant

Question 15

spacers used in inhalers will affect how much of the drug in the propellant will reach the lung - T/f?

Answer 15

trueslows down the speed of the propellant and so less deposition in the oropharynx and more to the target

Question 16

what is the major complication of thrombolysis?

Answer 16

hemorrhage (generally bleeding)

Question 17

what are two contraindications of giving thrombolysis]be specific and name 3

Answer 17

1. previous intracranial bleed2. recent stroke3. severe hypertension4. surgery/warfarin (be cautious)

Question 18

Name the 3 main functions of the chorion in embryology

Answer 18

1. forms the placenta2. allows for implantation3. responsible for secreting HCG

Question 19

the foramen ovale will arise form the closure of the septum primum true or false?

Answer 19

false. the septum secondum will turn into the foramen ovale

Question 20

what are the risk factors for venous thrombosis?

Answer 20

1. OCP/ HRT2. pregnancy3. age4. trauma5. smoking6. cancer

Question 21

what is heritable thrombophilia?

Answer 21

the genetic predisposition to venous thrombosis

Question 22

what is the most preventable thrombophilia?

Answer 22

Factor V leiden

Question 23

How is DVT diagnosed?

Answer 23

D dimer testthen do a duplex scan

Question 24

how is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed?

Answer 24

Computer tomography pulmonary angiography - CTPA gold standardD dimerV/Q scan

Question 25

what are the pressures imposed by the anti-embolism stalkings?

Answer 25

18mmHg at the ankle14mmHg at the mid-calf8mmHg at the upper thigh

Question 26

what is the management plan for dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 26

1. treat arrhythmia's and heart failure then give thromboembolic prophylaxis2. then give synchronization therapy with an ICD

Question 27

Name 3 types of emphysema patterns

Answer 27

periacinar (bullous emphysema)panacinarcentriacinar

Question 28

the somatopleuric mesoderm will give rise to the serous (parietal) pericardium and the fibrous pericardium - T/F?

Answer 28

true

Question 29

In bronchitis, there is no wheeze or crepitations - T/F?

Answer 29

true, bronchitis doesn't present with wheeze or crepitations

Question 30

what are the common nodes which are sampled in endoscopic bronchial ultrasound of lung cancer

Answer 30

1. hilar nodes2. sub-carinal nodes3. para-tracheal nodes

Question 31

suggest a chemotherapy drug used to treat SCLC, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer

Answer 31

cisplatin

Question 32

what is the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children?

Answer 32

CPAPweight lossadenotonsilectomy avoid tobacco smoke

Question 33

how many times can streptokinase be used for thrombolysis?

Answer 33

once as after this time people will develop resistance to it

Question 34

where are oogonium found?

Answer 34

found in the follicles of ovaries

Question 35

how may loss of normal epithelium will result in an ectopic pregnancy (may be the case in pelvic inflammatory disease)

Answer 35

loss of normal epithelium will mean that the blastocyst cannot migrate to the endometrium wall and therefor the blastocyst is stuck inside the uterine tubes leading to an ectopic prgenancy

Question 36

what are the 3 main functions of the placenta?

Answer 36

1. remove waste such as CO22. provide nutrients - O2 and Glc3. immunological role

Question 37

what is neuralation?

Answer 37

the formation of the neural tube

Question 38

which germ layer do somites develop from?

Answer 38

to get the mark must say paraxial mesodermal layers

Question 39

what does the QT interval relate to on an ECG - systole or diastole?

Answer 39

systole

Question 40

in which patients should an ACEI and ARB not be given to as an anti-hypertensive treatment?

Answer 40

black peopleover 55 pregnant

Question 41

Name the 4 types of mesothelioma cancers

Answer 41

desmoplastic epithlioid biphasicsarcomatid

Question 42

what is the frank stirling law?

Answer 42

the stroke volume of the heart is related to the pre-load of the heart.

Question 43

what structure is the chorion made from?

Answer 43

the trophoblast will go on to form the chorion

Question 44

where is the decidua basalis located?

Answer 44

in the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

Question 45

the cartilage of the larynx will develop from which pharyngeal arches?

Answer 45

the 4th to 6th

Question 46

where do SCLC tend to develop?

Answer 46

larger airways

Question 47

where do carcinoid tumours develop?

Answer 47

in the endocrine system and in the large airways

Question 48

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA is common to which kind of cancer?

Answer 48

adenocarcinoma

Question 49

what is the presentation of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA

Answer 49

pain in the hands and legs

Question 50

name a feature of large cell lung cancer

Answer 50

gynecomastia

Question 51

name 4 neoplastic syndromes that will accompany SCLC

Answer 51

SIADHACTHSVCOCarcinoidEaton larmbert

Question 52

what are three neoplastic syndromes that will accompany squamous cell LC

Answer 52

pancoast tumour - weakness in upper limbshorners syndorme - ptosis, anhydrosis and miosisPTHrH (hypercalcaemia)