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physiology + pharmacology > renal and urogenital system > Flashcards

renal and urogenital system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the job of the kidneys

A

to regulate the composition of the blood

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2
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of the balance between water and electrolytes in the body’s fluid

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3
Q

how many litres of blood do kidneys filter every 24 hours

A

150

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4
Q

what blood vessel does the kidney receive blood from

A

the renal artery

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5
Q

what blood vessel does the kidney use to return the blood back to the body

A

renal vein

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue that protect the kidneys

A

renal capsule (I), adipose capsule (M), renal fascia (O)

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7
Q

where is the renal pelvis located

A

the centre of the kidney

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8
Q

what are the features of the renal vein

A

large diameter and thin wall

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9
Q

why must the blood being supplied to the kidney contain glucose

A

to provide the kidney with energy to produce urine

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10
Q

what is the role of the renal pelvis

A

region of the kidney where urine collects

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11
Q

how are kidney stones formed

A

when the salts in urine crystalise to form a solid mass which prevents urine draining out of the medulla of the kidney

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12
Q

what is the role of the ureters

A

they carry blood down to the bladder

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13
Q

what is the role of the renal medulla

A

where the amount of salt and water in urine is controlled

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14
Q

what does the renal medulla consist of

A

billions of loops of Henle, that pump sodium ions

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15
Q

how if the renal medulla visually different to the rest of the kidney

A

its a very dark red colour

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16
Q

what is ADHs effect on the loops of Henle

A

it stimulates the loops to work harder to pump more sodium ions, making the urine more concentrated

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17
Q

what’s an example of a diuretic

A

alcohol and tea

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18
Q

what is included in the nephron structure

A

bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus, loop of Henle and the collecting duct

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19
Q

how many nephrons are in each kidney

A

1-2 million

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20
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a capillary network in the bowman’s capsule, blood leaving here passes into a second capillary network

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21
Q

what are the features of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

coiled and lined with cells carpeted with microvilli and stuffed with mitochondria

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22
Q

what is the collecting duct

A

leads to the pelvis of the kidney from where urine flows to the bladder

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23
Q

what is the sequence of flow within the nephron

A

bowman’s capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - Descending loop - Ascending loop - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder - urethra

24
Q

what are the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine

A

simple filtration, selective reabsorption, secretion

25
Q

what are the 3 layers of the bladder

A

transitional epithelium (I), Smooth muscle and elastic fibres (M), loose connective tissue (O)

26
Q

what is urine made of

A

water and nitrogenous wastes such as urea, salts and metabolites from endogenous and exogenous sources

27
Q

what is an exogenous source

A

produced outside the body e.g. drugs

28
Q

what is an endogenous source

A

produced in the body

29
Q

how much urine is produced a day (normally)

A

over a litre

30
Q

what is urines pH range

A

4-8.5

31
Q

what happens when more water is lost by the body through sweat

A

triggers the release in ADH into the blood which acts on the cells of the distal tubule to reabsorb more water to reduce the amount lost via excretion

32
Q

what happens if there is too much water in the body

A

ADH levels are reduced to limit the amount of water reabsorbed back into the body, and increasing the amount that is excreted in urine

33
Q

ADH is known as

A

vasopressin

34
Q

what happens to the DCT and the collecting duct as ADH levels rise

A

they become more permeable to water, allowing more to be reabsorbed back into the body

35
Q

what is ADH secreted from

A

the pituitary glands

36
Q

what signals the release of ADH to the pituitary glands

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense the Na+ concentration of the blood (the nerve endings of these osmoreceptors are located in the posterior pituitary gland

37
Q

is ADH secreted by osmoreceptors when Na+ concentration of the blood is low or high

A

high

38
Q

what 3 hormones does the kidney release

A

erythropoietin, Renin, Calcitriol

39
Q

what effect does erythropoietin have on the body

A

stimulates bone marrow to make red blood cells

40
Q

what effect does renin have on the body

A

regulates blood pressure

41
Q

what effect does calcitriol have on the body

A

the active form of vitamin D which helps maintain calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance

42
Q

what does renin act on

A

angiotensinogen which is a plasma peptide, splitting off a fragment containing 10 amino acids called angiotensin.

43
Q

what happens to angiotensin I

A

its cleaved by a peptidase that’s been secreted by the blood vessels called angiotensin converting enzyme, producing angiotensin II

44
Q

what is the role of angiotensin II

A

It constricts the walls of arterioles
stimulates the PCT to reabsorb Na+
increases the strength of the heartbeat
stimulates the pituitary to release the vasopressin
(all of which lead to an increase in blood pressure)

45
Q

when aldosterone levels are high what happens to the remaining Na+

A

its actively reabsorbed

46
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus release renin in response to?

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulation
decrease filtrate osmolarity
decreased stretch due to decrease in BP

47
Q

what does renin catalyse

A

the production of angiotensin II which prompts aldosterone release

48
Q

what is oestrogens influence on sodium balance

A

enhances NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules, may cause water retention during menstrual cycles, are responsible for edema during pregnancy

49
Q

what is progesterone’s influence on sodium balance

A

decreases sodium reabsorption, acts as a diuretic, promoting sodium and water loss

50
Q

what is glucocorticoids influence on sodium balance

A

enhances reabsorption of sodium and promotes oedema

51
Q

what does the blood pressure of your body depend of

A

the force of the contractions of the heart - relates to how much the heart muscles get stretched by the incoming blood, the degree to which the arteries and arterioles constrict - increases the resistance of blood flow thus requiring a higher blood pressure

52
Q

how does the kidney influence blood pressure

A

causes arteries and veins to constrict, increasing and decreasing the circulating blood volume

53
Q

what hormones does the adrenal glands produce

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone

54
Q

what is the role of aldosterone

A

helps regulate the body’s water balance

55
Q
A

physiology + pharmacology (13 decks)

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