renal and urogenital system

Question 1

what is the job of the kidneys

Answer 1

to regulate the composition of the blood

Question 2

what is osmoregulation

Answer 2

the maintenance of the balance between water and electrolytes in the body’s fluid

Question 3

how many litres of blood do kidneys filter every 24 hours

Answer 3

150

Question 4

what blood vessel does the kidney receive blood from

Answer 4

the renal artery

Question 5

what blood vessel does the kidney use to return the blood back to the body

Answer 5

renal vein

Question 6

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue that protect the kidneys

Answer 6

renal capsule (I), adipose capsule (M), renal fascia (O)

Question 7

where is the renal pelvis located

Answer 7

the centre of the kidney

Question 8

what are the features of the renal vein

Answer 8

large diameter and thin wall

Question 9

why must the blood being supplied to the kidney contain glucose

Answer 9

to provide the kidney with energy to produce urine

Question 10

what is the role of the renal pelvis

Answer 10

region of the kidney where urine collects

Question 11

how are kidney stones formed

Answer 11

when the salts in urine crystalise to form a solid mass which prevents urine draining out of the medulla of the kidney

Question 12

what is the role of the ureters

Answer 12

they carry blood down to the bladder

Question 13

what is the role of the renal medulla

Answer 13

where the amount of salt and water in urine is controlled

Question 14

what does the renal medulla consist of

Answer 14

billions of loops of Henle, that pump sodium ions

Question 15

how if the renal medulla visually different to the rest of the kidney

Answer 15

its a very dark red colour

Question 16

what is ADHs effect on the loops of Henle

Answer 16

it stimulates the loops to work harder to pump more sodium ions, making the urine more concentrated

Question 17

what’s an example of a diuretic

Answer 17

alcohol and tea

Question 18

what is included in the nephron structure

Answer 18

bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus, loop of Henle and the collecting duct

Question 19

how many nephrons are in each kidney

Answer 19

1-2 million

Question 20

what is the glomerulus

Answer 20

a capillary network in the bowman’s capsule, blood leaving here passes into a second capillary network

Question 21

what are the features of the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 21

coiled and lined with cells carpeted with microvilli and stuffed with mitochondria

Question 22

what is the collecting duct

Answer 22

leads to the pelvis of the kidney from where urine flows to the bladder

Question 23

what is the sequence of flow within the nephron

Answer 23

bowman’s capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - Descending loop - Ascending loop - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder - urethra

Question 24

what are the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine

Answer 24

simple filtration, selective reabsorption, secretion

Question 25

what are the 3 layers of the bladder

Answer 25

transitional epithelium (I), Smooth muscle and elastic fibres (M), loose connective tissue (O)

Question 26

what is urine made of

Answer 26

water and nitrogenous wastes such as urea, salts and metabolites from endogenous and exogenous sources

Question 27

what is an exogenous source

Answer 27

produced outside the body e.g. drugs

Question 28

what is an endogenous source

Answer 28

produced in the body

Question 29

how much urine is produced a day (normally)

Answer 29

over a litre

Question 30

what is urines pH range

Answer 30

4-8.5

Question 31

what happens when more water is lost by the body through sweat

Answer 31

triggers the release in ADH into the blood which acts on the cells of the distal tubule to reabsorb more water to reduce the amount lost via excretion

Question 32

what happens if there is too much water in the body

Answer 32

ADH levels are reduced to limit the amount of water reabsorbed back into the body, and increasing the amount that is excreted in urine

Question 33

ADH is known as

Answer 33

vasopressin

Question 34

what happens to the DCT and the collecting duct as ADH levels rise

Answer 34

they become more permeable to water, allowing more to be reabsorbed back into the body

Question 35

what is ADH secreted from

Answer 35

the pituitary glands

Question 36

what signals the release of ADH to the pituitary glands

Answer 36

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense the Na+ concentration of the blood (the nerve endings of these osmoreceptors are located in the posterior pituitary gland

Question 37

is ADH secreted by osmoreceptors when Na+ concentration of the blood is low or high

Answer 37

high

Question 38

what 3 hormones does the kidney release

Answer 38

erythropoietin, Renin, Calcitriol

Question 39

what effect does erythropoietin have on the body

Answer 39

stimulates bone marrow to make red blood cells

Question 40

what effect does renin have on the body

Answer 40

regulates blood pressure

Question 41

what effect does calcitriol have on the body

Answer 41

the active form of vitamin D which helps maintain calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance

Question 42

what does renin act on

Answer 42

angiotensinogen which is a plasma peptide, splitting off a fragment containing 10 amino acids called angiotensin.

Question 43

what happens to angiotensin I

Answer 43

its cleaved by a peptidase that's been secreted by the blood vessels called angiotensin converting enzyme, producing angiotensin II

Question 44

what is the role of angiotensin II

Answer 44

It constricts the walls of arterioles stimulates the PCT to reabsorb Na+ increases the strength of the heartbeat stimulates the pituitary to release the vasopressin (all of which lead to an increase in blood pressure)

Question 45

when aldosterone levels are high what happens to the remaining Na+

Answer 45

its actively reabsorbed

Question 46

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus release renin in response to?

Answer 46

sympathetic nervous system stimulation decrease filtrate osmolarity decreased stretch due to decrease in BP

Question 47

what does renin catalyse

Answer 47

the production of angiotensin II which prompts aldosterone release

Question 48

what is oestrogens influence on sodium balance

Answer 48

enhances NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules, may cause water retention during menstrual cycles, are responsible for edema during pregnancy

Question 49

what is progesterone's influence on sodium balance

Answer 49

decreases sodium reabsorption, acts as a diuretic, promoting sodium and water loss

Question 50

what is glucocorticoids influence on sodium balance

Answer 50

enhances reabsorption of sodium and promotes oedema

Question 51

what does the blood pressure of your body depend of

Answer 51

the force of the contractions of the heart - relates to how much the heart muscles get stretched by the incoming blood, the degree to which the arteries and arterioles constrict - increases the resistance of blood flow thus requiring a higher blood pressure

Question 52

how does the kidney influence blood pressure

Answer 52

causes arteries and veins to constrict, increasing and decreasing the circulating blood volume

Question 53

what hormones does the adrenal glands produce

Answer 53

adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone

Question 54

what is the role of aldosterone

Answer 54

helps regulate the body's water balance