cardiovascular system

Question 1

what side of the heart is oxygenated

Answer 1

left

Question 2

what 3 layers of tissue does the heart consist of

Answer 2

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 3

what is the epicardium

Answer 3

the outer layer of connective tissue

Question 4

what is the myocardium

Answer 4

the cardiac muscle, the bulk of the tissues in the heart

Question 5

what is the role of the myocardium in the heart

Answer 5

connected to others by intercalated discs, which allows transmission of electrical impulses

Question 6

what is the endocardium

Answer 6

thin layer of connective tissue, inner most tissue

Question 7

what is the pericardium

Answer 7

the outer most tissue

Question 8

what are the 2 circulatory systems and their role

Answer 8

systemic circulation - takes oxygenated blood around the body
pulmonary circulation - carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 9

which ventricle has thicker walls and why?

Answer 9

the left - it has to pump blood all around the body

Question 10

what is the role of valves within the heart

Answer 10

to ensure uni-directional flow

Question 11

what is the name of the two atrioventricular valves

Answer 11

the tricuspid and bicuspid

Question 12

what noise do the atrio ventricular valves make as they close

Answer 12

lub

Question 13

what noise do the semi-lunar valves make as they close

Answer 13

dub

Question 14

what is the name of the two semilunar valves

Answer 14

aortic and pulmonary

Question 15

what node begins electrical conduction in the heart

Answer 15

sinoatrial node

Question 16

where does the depolarisation from the SAN get sent to

Answer 16

it causes the atrium to contract forcing blood into the ventricle due to a change in pressure between the atrium and the ventricles

Question 17

what is the role of the AVN

Answer 17

creates a pause before sending the depolarisation to the ventricle

Question 18

why does the signal travel from the apex up

Answer 18

to push the blood out of the ventricles as the openings are near the top

Question 19

what is the system of electrical conduction

starting at the SAN

Answer 19

SAN - AVN - Bundle of his - bundle branches - apex - purkinje fibers

Question 20

what is the role of purkinje fibres

Answer 20

to evenly distribute impulses through the myocardium

Question 21

why are multiple leads placed during an ECG

Answer 21

to produce different perspective on the depolarisation of the heart

Question 22

what wave is produced from the depolarisation of the atrium

Answer 22

P wave

Question 23

the flat line after the p wave is caused by what

Answer 23

atrial systole ( atrial contraction)

Question 24

what produces the QRS complex

Answer 24

the depolarisation of ventricular contractile fibres

Question 25

what is the flat line after the QRS complex caused by

Answer 25

ventricular systole ( ventricular contraction)

Question 26

what is the T wave caused by

Answer 26

repolarisation of ventricular contractile fibres

Question 27

what is the flat line after the T wave caused by

Answer 27

ventricular diastole (relaxation)

Question 28

what are the 6 parts of a heart beat recorded by an ecg

Answer 28

1- p wave 2- flat line 3- QRS complex 4- flat 5- t wave 6- flat

Question 29

what is the role of arteries

Answer 29

transport blood away from heart

Question 30

what is the role of veins

Answer 30

transport blood to the heart

Question 31

what is the role of capillaries

Answer 31

exchange substances between blood and tissues

Question 32

where does the arterial system originate from

Answer 32

the aorta

Question 33

where are blood vessels in the body

Answer 33

deep in skin and protected by bones/soft tissue

Question 34

where do all vessels drain into

Answer 34

the vena cava

Question 35

what is the difference between the superior and the inferior vena cava

Answer 35

superior - upper limbs and the head inferior - lower limbs

Question 36

the venous system controls what homeostatic function

Answer 36

body temperature

Question 37

what are the 3 main layers within arteries and veins

Answer 37

tunica intima( inner), tunica media(middle), tunica adventitia(outer)

Question 38

what are the 3 layers of the tinica intima

Answer 38

endothelial cells, connective tissue, elastic tissue

Question 39

what are the properties of the tunica media

Answer 39

smooth muscle - neural control of diameter - in high proportion in the smaller vessels elastic tissue - higher proportion in larger vessels

Question 40

what are the properties of the tunica adventitia

Answer 40

fibrous and thicker in veins its an anchor vessel to surrounding tissues

Question 41

what happens during vasoconstriction

Answer 41

diameter decreases, increased symp, smooth muscle contacts TM

Question 42

is the BP in the venules 10% more or less than the aorta?

Answer 42

less

Question 43

what is the role of capilliaries

Answer 43

exchange substances to and from cells

Question 44

capillaries are made of a single layer of what?

Answer 44

endothelial cells

Question 45

what are capillaries semi permeable to

Answer 45

small molecules gasses and nutrients can pass large molecules such as proteins and blood cells are impermeable

Question 46

what regulates flow into the capillaries

Answer 46

precapillary sphincters

Question 47

what are the three ways substances pass between the capillaries and interstitial fluid

Answer 47

diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow

Question 48

is arterial blood pressure constant

Answer 48

no

Question 49

what is peripheral resistance

Answer 49

resistance to blood flow

Question 50

what 3 things is peripheral resistance dependant on

Answer 50

vascular resistance, viscosity, turbulence

Question 51

what is viscosity

Answer 51

the thickness of blood

Question 52

what is turbulence

Answer 52

any substances in the bloods that shouldn't be there which will slow the movement e.g. plaque

Question 53

what is the normal rest blood pressure in arteries

Answer 53

systolic - 120 mmHg diastolic - 70 mmHg

Question 54

what is the normal blood pressure at rest in the veins

Answer 54

systolic and diastolic both 16mmHg

Question 55

what is cardiac output

Answer 55

the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per min

Question 56

what is stroke volume

Answer 56

the vol of blood pumped from one ventricles with each beat

Question 57

If heart rate is about 75 bpm each cardiac cycle will take

Answer 57

0.8 seconds

Question 58

Besides the heart which structures act as pumps to boost venous return

Answer 58

Skeletal muscles of the leg and the diaphragm

Question 59

What is blood pressure measured using

Answer 59

Sphygmomanometer

Question 60

What type of circulation carries oxygen and nutrients from tissues

Answer 60

Systemic circulation

Question 61

What is the action of listening to sounds within the body called?

Answer 61

Auscultation

Question 62

What is haemopoiesis

Answer 62

Formation of blood cells

Question 63

Rapid resting heart rate over 100 bpm is referred as

Answer 63

Tachycardia

Question 64

A decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel is called

Answer 64

Vasoconstriction

Question 65

As a result of ventricular constriction there is a force where blood is forced against arterial walls. What’s this called?

Answer 65

Systolic blood pressure

Question 66

Plasma constitutes what percentage of blood

Answer 66

55%