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physiology + pharmacology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what side of the heart is oxygenated

A

left

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2
Q

what 3 layers of tissue does the heart consist of

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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3
Q

what is the epicardium

A

the outer layer of connective tissue

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4
Q

what is the myocardium

A

the cardiac muscle, the bulk of the tissues in the heart

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5
Q

what is the role of the myocardium in the heart

A

connected to others by intercalated discs, which allows transmission of electrical impulses

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6
Q

what is the endocardium

A

thin layer of connective tissue, inner most tissue

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7
Q

what is the pericardium

A

the outer most tissue

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8
Q

what are the 2 circulatory systems and their role

A

systemic circulation - takes oxygenated blood around the body
pulmonary circulation - carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide

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9
Q

which ventricle has thicker walls and why?

A

the left - it has to pump blood all around the body

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10
Q

what is the role of valves within the heart

A

to ensure uni-directional flow

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11
Q

what is the name of the two atrioventricular valves

A

the tricuspid and bicuspid

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12
Q

what noise do the atrio ventricular valves make as they close

A

lub

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13
Q

what noise do the semi-lunar valves make as they close

A

dub

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14
Q

what is the name of the two semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

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15
Q

what node begins electrical conduction in the heart

A

sinoatrial node

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16
Q

where does the depolarisation from the SAN get sent to

A

it causes the atrium to contract forcing blood into the ventricle due to a change in pressure between the atrium and the ventricles

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17
Q

what is the role of the AVN

A

creates a pause before sending the depolarisation to the ventricle

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18
Q

why does the signal travel from the apex up

A

to push the blood out of the ventricles as the openings are near the top

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19
Q

what is the system of electrical conduction

starting at the SAN

A

SAN - AVN - Bundle of his - bundle branches - apex - purkinje fibers

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20
Q

what is the role of purkinje fibres

A

to evenly distribute impulses through the myocardium

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21
Q

why are multiple leads placed during an ECG

A

to produce different perspective on the depolarisation of the heart

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22
Q

what wave is produced from the depolarisation of the atrium

A

P wave

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23
Q

the flat line after the p wave is caused by what

A

atrial systole ( atrial contraction)

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24
Q

what produces the QRS complex

A

the depolarisation of ventricular contractile fibres

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25
Q

what is the flat line after the QRS complex caused by

A

ventricular systole ( ventricular contraction)

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26
Q

what is the T wave caused by

A

repolarisation of ventricular contractile fibres

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27
Q

what is the flat line after the T wave caused by

A

ventricular diastole (relaxation)

28
Q

what are the 6 parts of a heart beat recorded by an ecg

A

1- p wave
2- flat line
3- QRS complex
4- flat
5- t wave
6- flat

29
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

transport blood away from heart

30
Q

what is the role of veins

A

transport blood to the heart

31
Q

what is the role of capillaries

A

exchange substances between blood and tissues

32
Q

where does the arterial system originate from

33
Q

where are blood vessels in the body

A

deep in skin and protected by bones/soft tissue

34
Q

where do all vessels drain into

A

the vena cava

35
Q

what is the difference between the superior and the inferior vena cava

A

superior - upper limbs and the head
inferior - lower limbs

36
Q

the venous system controls what homeostatic function

A

body temperature

37
Q

what are the 3 main layers within arteries and veins

A

tunica intima( inner), tunica media(middle), tunica adventitia(outer)

38
Q

what are the 3 layers of the tinica intima

A

endothelial cells, connective tissue, elastic tissue

39
Q

what are the properties of the tunica media

A

smooth muscle - neural control of diameter - in high proportion in the smaller vessels
elastic tissue - higher proportion in larger vessels

40
Q

what are the properties of the tunica adventitia

A

fibrous and thicker in veins
its an anchor vessel to surrounding tissues

41
Q

what happens during vasoconstriction

A

diameter decreases, increased symp, smooth muscle contacts TM

42
Q

is the BP in the venules 10% more or less than the aorta?

43
Q

what is the role of capilliaries

A

exchange substances to and from cells

44
Q

capillaries are made of a single layer of what?

A

endothelial cells

45
Q

what are capillaries semi permeable to

A

small molecules gasses and nutrients can pass
large molecules such as proteins and blood cells are impermeable

46
Q

what regulates flow into the capillaries

A

precapillary sphincters

47
Q

what are the three ways substances pass between the capillaries and interstitial fluid

A

diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow

48
Q

is arterial blood pressure constant

49
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

resistance to blood flow

50
Q

what 3 things is peripheral resistance dependant on

A

vascular resistance, viscosity, turbulence

51
Q

what is viscosity

A

the thickness of blood

52
Q

what is turbulence

A

any substances in the bloods that shouldn’t be there which will slow the movement e.g. plaque

53
Q

what is the normal rest blood pressure in arteries

A

systolic - 120 mmHg
diastolic - 70 mmHg

54
Q

what is the normal blood pressure at rest in the veins

A

systolic and diastolic both 16mmHg

55
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per min

56
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the vol of blood pumped from one ventricles with each beat

57
Q

If heart rate is about 75 bpm each cardiac cycle will take

A

0.8 seconds

58
Q

Besides the heart which structures act as pumps to boost venous return

A

Skeletal muscles of the leg and the diaphragm

59
Q

What is blood pressure measured using

A

Sphygmomanometer

60
Q

What type of circulation carries oxygen and nutrients from tissues

A

Systemic circulation

61
Q

What is the action of listening to sounds within the body called?

A

Auscultation

62
Q

What is haemopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells

63
Q

Rapid resting heart rate over 100 bpm is referred as

A

Tachycardia

64
Q

A decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel is called

A

Vasoconstriction

65
Q

As a result of ventricular constriction there is a force where blood is forced against arterial walls. What’s this called?

A

Systolic blood pressure

66
Q

Plasma constitutes what percentage of blood

physiology + pharmacology (13 decks)

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