endocrine system

Question 1

what is the function of the endocrine system

Answer 1

the release and control of the concentration of hormones, the maintenance of the internal environment to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

is the secretion of most hormones controlled by negative or positive feedback

Answer 2

negative

Question 3

what 3 elements is the endocrine system composed of

Answer 3

endocrine cells and glands, hormones, target cells ( cells that will respond to the hormones

Question 4

where are hormones secreted into by endocrine cells

Answer 4

extracellular space

Question 5

what does anatomically discontinuous mean?

Answer 5

it will only take effect when it reaches its target cell, it wont have any effect on the way when in the blood

Question 6

what inputs do endocrine cells receive

Answer 6

neuron, hormone, ion, organic nutrient

Question 7

how do hormones know they’ve come into contact with a target cell

Answer 7

Target cells have receptors for the specific hormone which is why they wont bind to the wrong cell

Question 8

what are the main types of cell signalling

Answer 8

endocrine, neurohormones, panacrine and autocrine, intracrine

Question 9

how does endocrine hormones signal other hormones

Answer 9

via the blood stream to target cells

Question 10

how do neurocrine hormones send signals to target cells

Answer 10

released via synapses and travel via the bloodstream

Question 11

how do paracrine hormones send signals to target cells

Answer 11

they act on adjacent cells

Question 12

how do autocrine hormones send signals to target cells

Answer 12

they act on the cells that secreted them

Question 13

where is the pineal gland located

Answer 13

near the thalamus into the brain

Question 14

what hormone does the pineal gland produce

Answer 14

melatonin

Question 15

what effect does melatonin have on the body

Answer 15

causes the body to feel drowsy and tired, becomes more active in low light intensities

Question 16

what is the hypothalamus’ role in the endocrine system?

Answer 16

regulation of the endocrine organs that are structurally below it

Question 17

what special cells does the hypothalamus contain

Answer 17

neuro-secretory cells (neurons that secrete hormones)

Question 18

what doe the hypothalamus regulate the release of

Answer 18

TRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH, CRH, oxytocin, ADH

Question 19

what are the two areas of the pituitary gland

Answer 19

posterior and anterior

Question 20

what is the function of the posterior pituitary

Answer 20

produces oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 21

what is the function of the anterior pituitary

Answer 21

produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH)

Question 22

where is the thyroid gland located

Answer 22

in the anterior neck

Question 23

what 2 hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 23

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 24

what does the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland do to the body

Answer 24

Regulates metabolism, increases protein synthesis, promotes glycolysis/ glucose uptake

Question 25

what is the role of the parathyroid gland

Answer 25

regulates the level of calcium in the body by producing parathyroid hormone which increases calcium levels in the blood

Question 26

what hormone is produced by the thymus gland and what is their role in the body

Answer 26

thymosins - they help to develop T-Lymphocytes during foetal development in childhood.

Question 27

where is the adrenal medulla located

Answer 27

directly above each kidney

Question 28

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 28

catecholamine

Question 29

what effect does the adrenal medulla have on the body

Answer 29

fight or flight - increases HR and BP

Question 30

Where is the adrenal cortex located

Answer 30

it is the outer few membranes of the adrenal gland which is situated above each kidney

Question 31

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 31

30 different steroid hormones - some of which act as an anti inflammatory agent

Question 32

where is the pancreas located

Answer 32

in the folds of the duodenum, located slightly behind the stomach

Question 33

what does the pancreas secrete

Answer 33

digestive enzymes such as insulin

Question 34

what is the role of insulin in reducing blood glucose

Answer 34

promotes glycogenesis (the break down of glucose to glycogen

Question 35

what are the islets of langerhans

Answer 35

They’re a small group of cells that function as an endocrine gland ( contains Alpha, beta and delta cells)

Question 36

what do each type of islets of langerhans secrete

Answer 36

alpha- glucagon, beta- insulin, delta- somatostatin

Question 37

what is the role of alpha cells and how does this help control blood glucose levels

Answer 37

they release glucagon to control blood glucose levels, the glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose stores

Question 38

what is the role of beta cells and how does it help control blood glucose levels

Answer 38

they release insulin, insulin increases the rate at which glucose is taken up by cells which lowers the blood glucose level,

Question 39

what is the role of delta cells and how does it help control blood glucose levels

Answer 39

they produce somatostatin which inhibits both glucagon and insulin

Question 40

how does insulin increases the uptake of glucose

Answer 40

when the concentration of glucose is more than normal, insulin binds to an insulin receptor on the surface of the cell causing the glucose channel to open allowing glucose to move into the cell

Question 41

what are the 3 main types of hormones

Answer 41

steroids, peptide hormones (insulin glycagon), amino acid derivatives