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physiology + pharmacology > drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system > Flashcards

drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functional divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic, autonomic and enteric

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2
Q

whats an example of a cranial nerve

A

alfactory nerve (1)
optic nerve (2)
occular motor (3)
vagous nerve (10)

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3
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

cardiac muscles, glands, smooth muscles
involuntary
-(controls visceral targets to promote homeostasis)

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4
Q

what does the enteric nervous system

A

gut nervous system

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5
Q

what does parinteral mean in drug administration

A

avoids the gut

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6
Q

what is the name of visceral receptors

A

interoreceptors

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7
Q

how do signals travel from the stimulus to the CNS

A

travels from visceral receptors which transmits the information to the CNS which is then transmitted down visceral effectors via autonomic efferent fibres

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8
Q

what neurotransmitter is always present in the somatic nervous system

A

ACh - acetyl choline (which are released at neuro muscular junctions)

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9
Q

how many motor neurons are present in the somatic nervous systems efferent pathway

A

one

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10
Q

how many neurons are present in the autonomic nervous systems efferent pathway

A

two

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11
Q

what neuro transmitter is present during the autonomic nervous system reflexes

A

ACh (Acetyl choline) or NA from post-ganglionic fibres

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12
Q

what effects on the body does the sympathetic nervus system have once activated

A
  • increased heart rate
  • decrease in digestion
  • increased blood pressure
  • pupil contraction
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13
Q

what effects on the body does the para-sympathetic nervus system have once activated

A

-decreased heart rate
-increased digestion
-decreased blood pressure
-pupil dilation

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14
Q

why type of isotropic effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have

A

negative

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15
Q

why type of isotropic effect does the sympathetic nervous system have

A

positive

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16
Q

how does the activation of the sympathetic nervous system effect the blood vessels

A
  • skeletal muscles dilate
  • skin contracts
  • viscera contracts
  • salivary glands constrict
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17
Q

how does the activation of the para sympathetic nervous system effect the blood vessels

A
  • skin slightly dilates
  • viscera dilates
  • salivary glands dilate
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18
Q

how does the activation of the sympathetic nervous system effect the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • motility is inhibited
  • sphincters contract
  • secretions are inhibited
  • liver glycogenolysis
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19
Q

how does the activation of the para sympathetic nervous system effect the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • motility is stimulated
  • sphincters relax
  • secretions are stimulated
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20
Q

what is dual intervention

A

when a single target may receive inputs from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres

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21
Q

what type of outflow is the sympathetic nervous system

A

thoracolumbar

22
Q

what areas of the spinal chord are activated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

the thorasic and the lumbar

23
Q

what type of outflow is the para sympathetic nervous system

A

craniosacral

24
Q

what areas of the spinal chord are activated by the para sympathetic nervous system

A

sacral

25
Q

what does NA stand for

A

Nora adrenaline

26
Q

what does NE stand for

A

noraepinephrine

27
Q

what does cortex mean

A

on the outside like a bark

28
Q

what does medulla mean

A

on the inside

29
Q

what is the order of long and short neurons in the para sympathetic nervous system

A

pre long then post short

30
Q

what is the order of long and short neurons in the sympathetic nervous system

A

pre short and post long

31
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors cause what type of effect

A

excitation

32
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system Alpha 2 and Beta 2 cause what type of effect

A

inhibition

33
Q

is the sympathetic nervous system slowly or rapidly inactivated

A

slowly

34
Q

is the para sympathetic nervous system slowly or rapidly inactivated

A

rapidly

35
Q

what are off-target effects

A

when a drug has an effect on an area of the body not intended

36
Q

what’s an example of off target drug use

A

noradrenaline isn’t just used in sympathetic pathways but also as a neurotransmitter in the brain, so some drugs that act on adrenergic nerve terminals produce central effects (cocaine is an example of this)

37
Q

where are alpha 1 receptors located and what actions are mediated there

A
  • peripheral blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
  • the prostate (contraction)
38
Q

where are alpha 2 receptors located and what actions are mediated there

A
  • presynaptic nerve terminals (inhibition of NA release)
39
Q

where are beta 1 receptors located and what actions are mediated there

A
  • heart (increase in heart rate and force of contraction)
40
Q

where are beta 2 receptors located and what actions are mediated there

A
  • peripheral blood vessels (vasodilation)
  • bronchioles (bronchodialation)
41
Q

what G protein is linked to alpha 1 receptors

A

Gq

42
Q

what G protein is linked to alpha 2 receptors

A

Gi

43
Q

what G protein is linked to beta 1 receptors

A

Gs

44
Q

what G protein is linked to beta 2 receptors

A

Gs

45
Q

what does the G coupling of alpha 1 with Gq activate and what does that cause

A

phospholipase C that converts PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
IP3 –> Ca2+ cause smooth muscle contractions

46
Q

what does the G coupling of alpha 2 with Gi activate and what does that cause

A

adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP which causes the inhibition of transmitter release and smooth muscle contractions

47
Q

what does the G coupling of beta 1 with Gs activate and what does that cause

A

adenylate cyclase that converts ATP into cAMP which caused cardiac muscles to contract

48
Q

what does the G coupling of beta 2 with Gs activate and what does that cause

A

adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP which causes relaxations in smooth muscles

49
Q

how directly acting drugs work

A

mimic or block the effect of NA by acting on an Alpha or beta receptor
- mainly acts postsynaptically

50
Q

how do indirectly acting drugs work

A

increase or decrease NA availability by non receptor mechanisms
- mainly acts presynaptically (e.g. beta blockers)

51
Q
A

physiology + pharmacology (12 decks)

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