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COMLEX Level 1 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Nephritic syndromes

A

Acute streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
Alport syndrome
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Nephritic symptoms → inflammatory process
hematuria
oliguria
azotemia (↑BUN, ↑serum creatinine)
HTN
proteinuria
Hypercellular/inflamed glomeruli
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2
Q

Nephrotic syndromes

A 
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGN)
Minimal change disease
Membranous nephropathy
Amyloidosis
Diabetic glomerulonephropathy
Nephrotic symptoms
massive proteinuria ( >3.5mg/day)
hypoalbuminuria → edema
frothy urine with fatty casts
↑ risk of thrombus and infection
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3
Q

Nephritic-nephrotic syndromes

A 
Diffuse proliferative  glomerulonephritis (DPGN)
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
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4
Q

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A 
Nephritic syndromes
cola/tea colored urine
Starry sky
lumpy bumpy appearance
subepithelial humps
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5
Q

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

nephritic syndrome
crescent moon glomerular inflammation

Present in several disease processes
Goodpasture syndrome
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
Microscopic polyangiitis

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6
Q

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome
due to SLE
wire-looping capillaries

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7
Q

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

A

nephritic syndrome
hematuria with concurrent GI or respiratory infection
IgA Immune complex deposition

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8
Q

Alport syndrome

A 
nephritic syndrome
collagen IV mutation (basement membranes)
eye problems
sensorineural deafness
glomerulonephritis
basket weave on EM
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9
Q

Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

nephritic-nephrotic syndrome
tram track appearance
type 1 → secondary to Hep B or C
type 2 → autoimmune persistent complement activation

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10
Q

Minimal change disease

A 
nephrotic
common in children
triggered by infection or immunization
responds well to corticosteroids
podocyte effacement
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11
Q

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A 
Nephrotic
AA and Hispanics
Idiopathic or secondary to HIV, sickle cell, heroin abuse, obesity
podocyte effacement
does not respond well to corticosteroids
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12
Q

Membranous nephropathy

A 
Nephrotic
"spike and dome"
Primary → Abs to phospholipase A2
Secondary → drugs, infections, SLE, or tumor
NSAIDs, gold
Hepatitis B or C, syphillis
poor response to steroids
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13
Q

Calcium kidney stones

A

envelop shape

most common type of kidney stone

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14
Q

Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones

A

rectangular coffin lid
aka struvite stones
staghorn calculi
can be cause from bacterial infections (Proteus mirabilis, Staph saprophyticus, Klebsiella)

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15
Q

Uric acid kidney stones

A

RadiolUcent

rhomboid shape

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16
Q

Cysteine kidney stones

A

hexagonal shape

cyxteine → six sides

17
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Furosemide, Torsemide, bumetanide
inhibits Na/K/2Cl cotransporter in thick ascending limb
Loops Lose Calcium (↑ Ca excretion)
Sulfonamide

Adverse effects → OHH DAANG
Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Dehydration
Allergy (Sulfa)
Alkalosis (metabolic)
Nephritis
Gout
18
Q

Ethacrynic acid

A

Loop diuretic

used in patients with sulfa allergy

19
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothalidone, metolazone
Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in DCT
↓ Ca excretion

Adverse effects → hyperGLUC
hyperGlycemia
hyperLipidemia
hyperUricemia
hyperCalcemia
sulfa allergy
20
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics

A

aka aldosterone receptor antagonists
Spironolactone, Eplerenone
Amiloride
Triamterene

inhibits aldosterone from stimualating Na reabsorption in the collecting duct

Adverse effects:
hyperkalemia

21
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic

22
Q

Acetazolamide

A

CA inhibitor
↑ HCO3 excretion
Used in metabolic alkalosis

23
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

-pril

AA: 
cough
angioedema
teratogen → contraindicated in pregnancy
↑ creatinine (↓GFR)
Hyperkalemia
↑bradykinin
24
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

-sartan

AA:
teratogen
does not increase bradykinin like ACE inhibs do

25
Q

Aliskiren

A

renin inhibitor

AA: teratogen

26
Q

Granular casts

A

muddy brown appearance

acute tubular necrosis

COMLEX Level 1 (13 decks)

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